Has Salary Discrimination Really Disappeared From Major League Baseball?

Analysis of a detailed data set for the 2000-2001 period shows no evidence of overall racial or ethnic salary discrimination for baseball players. Given prior research, that finding is not unusual. However, when the data set is divided into low, middle, and high salary ranges, a RESST test shows that minorities in the lowest salary group receive significantly lower returns to their skills than do whites. A decomposition of the wage differences for the lowest salary group shows that as much as 86.3% of the black/white and 91.5% of the Hispanic/white salary gap may be due to discrimination.

Changing quantum reference frames

We consider the process of changing reference frames in the case where the reference frames are quantum systems. We find that, as part of this process, decoherence is necessarily induced on any quantum system described relative to these frames. We explore this process with examples involving reference frames for phase and orientation. Quantifying the effect of changing quantum reference frames serves as a first step in developing a relativity principle for theories in which all objects including reference frames are necessarily quantum.Comment: 21 pages, 6 figures, comments welcome; v2 added some references; v3 published versio

Relativistic quantum information theory and quantum reference frames

This thesis is a compilation of research in relativistic quantum information theory, and research in quantum reference frames. The research in the former category provides a fundamental construction of quantum information theory of localised qubits in curved spacetimes. For example, this concerns quantum experiments on free-space photons and electrons in the vicinity of the Earth. From field theory a description of localised qubits that traverse classical trajectories in curved spacetimes is obtained, for photons and massive spin-1/2 fermions. The equations governing the evolution of the two-dimensional quantum state and its absolute phase are determined. Quantum information theory of these qubits is then developed. The Stern-Gerlach measurement formalism for massive spin-1/2 fermions is also derived from field theory. In the latter category of research, I consider the process of changing reference frames in the case where the reference frames are quantum systems. I find that, as part of this process, decoherence is necessarily induced on any quantum system described relative to these frames. I explore this process with examples involving quantum reference frames for phase and orientation. Quantifying the effect of changing quantum reference frames provides a theoretical description for this process in quantum experiments, and serves as a first step in developing a relativity principle for theories in which all objects including reference frames are necessarily quantum

Post COVID 19 and food pathways to sustainable transformation

International audienc

Privatization in Ukraine: Economics, Law, and Politics

Many in the Ukrainfan Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR or Ukraine), as in other Soviet Republics and in Eastern Europe, no longer view the traditional Soviet economic system as an adequate basis for a modern, efficient, and prosperous economy. They see the solution to wasteful resource allocation, shortages of commodities, and general economic stagnation as lying in the transformation of the basis of the Ukrainian economy from command and control to market principles. In Ukraine, market principles continue to gain official endorsement by various government bodies, despite increasingly apparent hesitation at the Soviet All-Union level. The economic transformation of a socialist economic system is a massive and unprecedented task, carrying with it unforeseeable risks of social, economic, and political instability. The position of the USSR as a nuclear superpower in the current world order highlights the significance of such a transition