Environmental services in home gardens of la Chontalpa, Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: Identify the environmental services provided by home gardens in nine communities from the Chontalpa region, Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Using cartographic and demographic information, a visit route to nine communities was drawn with previous identification of family gardens and three gardens were randomly selected per community. Interviews were conducted about the use of home gardens. Physical environmental factors were measured inside and outside the gardens, and soil samples were taken to determine organic matter and carbon in soil. The environmental services provided by the home gardens in each community were identified and classified according to their category into four types: provisioning, supporting, cultural and regulating services.   Results: It was identified that the home gardens visited provide 13 environmental services. Provisioning and cultural services are present in all localities. The category with the greatest use is the provision of food, followed by provision of raw materials and education. Supporting and regulating services were observed in most of the communities, with the exception of climate regulation, where environmental conditions only allow gardens to provide said service in four of the communities evaluated. Limitations on study/implications: Knowledge about the benefits of building home gardens suggests that these agrosystems provide environmental services. It is important to categorize the environmental services provided by home gardens. Findings/conclusions: The home gardens in La Chontalpa, Tabasco, not only provide provisioning services, but also cultural, supporting and, to a lesser extent, regulating services.Objective: To identify the environmental services provided by home gardens in nine communities of La Chontalpa region in Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Having previously identified home gardens, a visit route to nine communities was drawn using cartographic and demographic information. Three home gardens per community were randomly selected. Interviews about the use of home gardens were conducted. Physical environmental factors were measured inside and outside the gardens and soil samples were taken to determine organic matter and carbon contents in the soil. According to their category, the environmental services provided by the home gardens in each community were identified and classified into four types: provisioning, supporting, cultural, and regulating services. Results: Thirteen environmental services were identified as being provided by home gardens. Provisioning and cultural services are present in all localities. The most frequent category is the provision of food, followed by the provision of raw materials and education. Supporting and regulating services were observed in most communities —except for climate regulation, since the environmental conditions only allow gardens to provide the said service in four of the evaluated communities. Limitations on study/implications: Knowledge about the benefits of building home gardens suggests that these agrosystems provide environmental services. Categorizing the environmental services provided by home gardens is therefore important. Findings/conclusions: Home gardens in La Chontalpa, Tabasco, do not only provide provisioning services, but also cultural, supporting, and —to a lesser extent— regulating services

Effects of different land uses on soil quality indicators in Lixisols from La Sabana, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: Evaluate the physical indicators of the quality of soils subjected to four different uses in Lixisols from La Sabana in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Nine variables were evaluated in soil samples from Lixisols located in La Sabana, Huimanguillo: infiltration rate, resistance to penetration, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate stability, thinning, depth of the horizon, volume and weight of soil loss. We used a completely randomized sample design, with a factor with four levels (each land use: pasture, rubber tree, rubber-cocoa and rubber-mahogany tree), and five treatment repetitions, each sampling point of the plot with the five-of-golds method, with the exception of the use with pasture, which was linear. Results: The reference soil group (RSG) corresponds to a Ferric Lixisol (Cutanic, Endoloamic, Epiarenic, Humic, Profondic), whose RSG has not been reported for the study area. The quality indicators are within acceptable limits. In soil loss, the pasture has conserved more over time, storing greater volume and weight of soil per hectare; the use with rubber (monoculture) has lost a greater amount of soil from the A horizon, evidenced by the decrease in its depth, volume and weight per hectare. Limitations on study/implications: Until a few years ago, in the study area within La Sabana in Huimanguillo, Acrisol had been described as the dominant RSG. Findings/conclusions: The presence of Acrisol in the study area is ruled out. Soil quality for all uses is acceptable.Objetivo: Evaluar los indicadores físicos de la calidad de suelos sometidos a cuatro usos distintos en Lixisols en la Objective: To evaluate the physical indicators of the quality of soils subjected to four different land uses in Lixisols from La Sabana in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: Nine variables were evaluated in soil samples from Lixisols located in La Sabana, Huimanguillo: infiltration rate, resistance to penetration, bulk density, total porosity, aggregate stability, thinning, depth of the horizon, volume and weight of soil loss. We used a completely randomized sample design, with a factor with four levels (each land use: pasture, rubber tree, rubber-cacao and rubber-mahogany), and five treatment repetitions; each sampling point of the plot with the five-of-golds method, with the exception of the use with pasture, which was linear. Results: The reference soil group (RSG) corresponds to a Ferric Lixisol (Cutanic, Endoloamic, Epiarenic, Humic, Profondic), whose RSG has not been reported for the study area. The quality indicators are within acceptable limits. In soil loss, the pasture has conserved more over time, storing greater volume and weight of soil per hectare; the use with rubber (monoculture) has lost a greater amount of soil from the A horizon, evidenced by the decrease in its depth, volume and weight per hectare. Limitations on study/implications: Until a few years ago, in the study area within La Sabana in Huimanguillo, Acrisol had been described as the dominant RSG. Findings/conclusions: The presence of Acrisol in the study area is ruled out. Soil quality for all uses is acceptable

Efecto del cambio de uso de suelo sobre las propiedades edáficas en la sabana, Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México

Objective: Evaluate physical and chemical properties of acid soils subject to change of land use in La Sabana of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. Design/methodology/approach: The following technical criteria were used: production systems representative of savanna soils in Huimanguillo, Tabasco, from sugar cane (Saccharum spp.), pineapple (Ananas comosus L.), cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), pastureland, and acahual (secondary vegetation). Physical and chemical properties were evaluated using standardized methods: apparent density (AD), organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (N), extractable phosphorus (P Olsen), cation exchange capacity (CEC), electric conductivity (EC), exchangeable bases (K, Ca and Mg), and pH. Results: Results suggest highly statistical differences in contents of OM, AD, pH, and porosity (%). Statistical differences were found in Ca, Mg, and K content. Total N, P Olsen, CEC and EC, did not show statistical differences. Study limitations/implications: La Sabana of Huimanguillo, has been affected by a significant loss of soil fertility, therefore is important to evaluate the soil degradation process by change of land use under different climate conditions. Findings/conclusions: Evaluation of soil properties degradation in acid soils subject to different land use, physical and chemical properties of soils showed that sugar cane and pastureland were affected significantly.Objetivo: Evaluar las propiedades físicas y químicas de suelos ácidos de La Sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México, sujetos a diferentes usos. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se consideraron los siguientes criterios técnicos, sistemas de producción representativos de sabana en el municipio de Huimanguillo que corresponden a caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.), piña (Ananas comosus L.), yuca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), pastizal y acahual. Se evaluaron las propiedades físicas y químicas a través de métodos estandarizados: densidad aparente (Dap), materia orgánica (MO), nitrógeno (N) total, fósforo (P Olsen) extractable, capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC), conductividad eléctrica (CE), bases intercambiables (K, Ca y Mg) y pH. Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados altamente significativos para MO, DAP, pH y Porosidad %, en los contenidos de Ca, Mg, y K se encontraron diferencias significativas, en cambio con N total, P Olsen, CIC y CE no se observaron diferencias significativas. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La Sabana de Huimanguillo, se ha visto afectada por la pérdida significativa de la fertilidad en suelo, por lo que es necesario evaluar el proceso de degradación en un periodo de mayo a diciembre, contemplando las condiciones climáticas (seca-lluvia). Hallazgos/conclusiones: Al evaluar la degradación de las propiedades de los suelos ácidos sujetos a diferentes usos, el sistema de producción de caña de azúcar y el pastizal son los cultivos que más son afectados en las propiedades físicas y químicas de los suelos

Producción de biomasa y extracción de nutrimentos en una plantación de Eucalyptus grandis (Hill ex Maiden) Y Eucalyptus urophylla (S.T. Blake) en ultisoles de México

Objective: Compare biomass production and nutrients accumulation in a plot of Eucalyptus grandis and a plot of Eucalyptus urophylla on four sites of study. Design/methodology/approach: The soils were classified for each site and the biomass productivity in each plantation was evaluated. Soils samples were extracted in each site to determined soil fertility and nutrient uptake by the eucalyptus trees. Results: Site A soil was classified has a Plinthudult, site B was a Rhodudult, site C was a Plinthohumult, and site D was a Paleudult. E. grandis on site C produced lower amount of biomass than sites A, B and D. E. urophylla produced statistically different amount of biomass on each site. Nutrient extraction was statistically lower in sites A and C than in sites B and D. Limitations/implications: Great adaptability to tropical climate and Ultisoils limit the result extrapolation. Findings/Conclusions: Biomass production and nutrient extraction in eucalyptus plantations are directly related to site quality establish in soil classificationObjetivo: Comparar la producción de biomasa y la acumulación de nutrientes en un lote de Eucalyptus grandis y otro de Eucalyptus urophylla en cuatro sitios. Diseño/metodología/aproximación: Se clasificaron los suelos de cada sitio y se evaluó la productividad de biomasa en cada lote. Se extrajeron muestras de suelo en cada sitio para determinar su fertilidad y extracción de nutrientes por parte de los árboles de eucaliptos. Resultados: El suelo del sitio A se clasificó como Plinthudult, del sitio B como un Rhodudult, del sitio C como Plinthohumult, y del sitio D como un Paleudult. E. grandis en el sitio C, produjo menor cantidad de biomasa en comparación con la producción obtenida en los sitios A, B y D. E. urophylla produjo cantidades de biomasa estadísticamente diferentes en cada uno de los sitios. La extracción de N, P, K, Ca y Mg fue estadísticamente menor en los sitios A y C en comparación con los sitios B y D. Limitaciones/implicaciones: La gran capacidad de adaptación del género Eucalyptus a los climas tropicales y a los Ultisoles restringe la extrapolación de los resultados obtenidos. Hallazgos/Conclusiones: La producción de biomasa, así como la extracción de nutrimentos se encuentra relacionada directamente con la calidad del sitio determinado en la clasificación del suelo

Elaboración y caracterización nutrimental de abonos orgánicos líquidos en condiciones tropicales

Objective: To characterize the nutritional properties of liquid organic fertilizers (vermicompost tea, organic leachate and biol) made with crop residues from the Chontalpa region. design / methodology: The design for the preparation of liquid organic fertilizers was based on the recommendations issued by FAO. Nutrient estimates were according to the methods of Semi-micro Kjeldahl for N, Vanadio-molybdic for P and digestion with HNO3-HClO4 for K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn and Mn. Results: Worm leachate was the one that presented the highest values ??significantly with concentration of major elements NPK with 1.27%, 1.17% and 2.04% respectively, followed by bovine biol with 1.02%, 0.95% and 1.19% of NPK respectively, finally compost tea with the lowest statistically concentrations. In terms of micronutrients such as iron, copper, zinc and manganese, bovine biol presented the highest contents. Limitations / implications: The chemical composition of liquid organic fertilizers depends on the quality of the organic matter with which they were made and their preparation form either aerobic or anaerobic. Findings / conclusions: The leachate of earthworm and biol are the fertilizers that presented the highest concentration of nutrients, concluding that bovine biol is the fastest, most economical and profitable way to use it in agriculture.Objetivo: Caracterizar las propiedades nutrimentales de los abonos orgánicos líquidos (té de vermicompost, lixiviados orgánicos de vermicompost y biol) elaborados con residuos de cultivos de la región de la Chontalpa. Diseño / metodología: el diseño para la elaboración de los abonos orgánicos líquidos fue basado conforme a las recomendaciones emitidas por la FAO. las estimaciones de los nutrientes fueron conforme a los métodos de Semi-micro Kjeldahl para N, Vanadio-molibdico para P y por digestión con HNO3-HClO4 para K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu, Zn y Mn). Resultados: Los lixiviados de vermicompost fueron lo que presentaron los valores más altos significativamente con concentración de elementos mayores N, P y K con 1.27%, 1.17% y 2.04%, respectivamente, seguido del biol de bovino con 1.02%, 0.95% y 1.19% de N, P y K respectivamente, finalmente el té de vermicompost con las concentraciones más bajas estadísticamente. En cuanto a micronutrientes como hierro, cobre, zinc y manganeso, el biol de bovino presentó los contenidos más altos. Limitaciones / implicaciones: la composición química de los abonos orgánicos líquidos depende de la calidad de la materia orgánica con la que fueron elaborados y su forma de preparación ya sea de forma aeróbica o anaeróbica. Hallazgos/ conclusiones: Los lixiviados de vermicompost y biol son los abonos que presentaron mayor concentración de nutrientes, concluyendo que el biol de bovino es la forma más rápida, económica y rendidora para su uso en la agricultura

Degradación química en Acrisoles bajo diferentes usos y pendientes en la sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México

Objective: To evaluate the chemical soil degradation caused by nutrients lost in Acrisols from the Savannah of Huimanguillo, Tabasco, Mexico. Design/methodology/approach: The effect of two factors, land use and slope relief, were study. Properties evaluated were soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (Nt), available phosphorus (P), Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), and exchangeable cations (K, Ca, Mg, Na). Results: The content of SOM were considerate rich to very rich, and did not showed any significant differences between factors. Nt was statistically high, and K was statistically low. P, CEC, Ca, Mg and Na showed statistically differences and lower contents. Limitations of study/implications: Soil degradation is a global problem, therefore the necessity of studies to understand the effect of land use over soil fertility and land chemical conditions. Findings/conclusions: The results indicates presence of chemical degradation in Acrisols, mostly by effect of land use and suggest the necessity of conservation strategies.Objetivo: Evaluar la degradación química del suelo por pérdida de nutrientes en Acrisoles de la Sabana de Huimanguillo, Tabasco, México. Diseño/Metodología/Aproximación: Se estudió el efecto de dos factores, los usos del suelo y las pendientes del relieve. Las propiedades evaluadas fueron materia orgánica del suelo (MOS), nitrógeno total (Nt), fosforo extraíble (P), Capacidad de Intercambio Catiónico (CIC), y bases intercambiables (K, Ca, Mg, Na). Resultados: Los contenidos de MOS son considerados de ricos a muy ricos, sin diferencias significativas entre factores. El Nt fue alto y el K intercambiable bajo, mostrando diferencias significativas. El P, CIC, Ca, Mg y Na mostraron diferencias significativas y contenidos bajos. Limitaciones del estudio/implicaciones: La degradación del suelo constituye un problema global, es necesario estudiar el efecto que tiene el uso del suelo sobre la fertilidad y condiciones químicas de la tierra. Hallazgos/conclusiones: Los resultados muestran la existencia de degradación química en Acrisoles del área de estudio principalmente por efecto del uso del suelo, sugiriendo la necesidad de estrategias de conservación

Fertilidad edáfica y nutrición en el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en tres suelos de Tabasco, México

El cacao es un cultivo tradicional en el sur de México, que exhibe baja productividad debido a limitantes edáficas y de nutrición, por lo que el objetivo de la investigación fue diagnosticar la fertilidad edáfica y contenido nutrimental de las plantaciones de cacao, en los principales grupos de suelos cultivados en la Chontalpa, principal zona productora de Tabasco, para identificar las variables del suelo y nutrimentales que restringen la productividad del cultivo. Mediante análisis de imágenes satelitales, se seleccionaron sitios de muestreos en suelos representativos del área de estudio y se geoposicionaron las coordenadas para ubicarlos. Se describieron perfiles de suelos para clasificar los suelos de los sitios de estudio, y se colectaron muestras de suelos a las profundidades de 0-10, 10-30 y 30-50 cm, para determinar variables indicadoras de la fertilidad del suelo. En árboles productores se colectaron muestras foliares para determinar las concentraciones de macronutrientes. Los resultados indican que las plantaciones se cultivan sobre Vertisols, Cambisols y Fluvisols, que no presentan restricciones en la mayoría de las propiedades edáficas. Sin embargo, debido a la baja relación C/N (< 12) de los suelos, hay una disminución en los contenidos de MO y N, que se suman a un déficit de K, que provocan bajas concentraciones de ambos macronutrientes en el follaje de las plantas. Se concluye que las principales restricciones edáficas que pueden afectar al cultivo del cacao en la Chontalpa son la rápida pérdida de MO y déficit de N y K en el suelo, que provocan bajas concentraciones de ambos nutrientes en el follaje de los árboles

Evaluation of Suitable Lands for Elaeis guineensis Jacq. Using Geographic Information Systems in the Sierra Region, Tabasco, Mexico

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the edaphic aptitude of Elaeis guineensis J. at a semi-detailed level (scale 1: 50000) in Plains and Terrazas de Tabasco (PTT). Design/methodology/approach: The edaphic requirements consisted of a semi-detailed soil map. The evaluation of the edaphic aptitude was based on the agroecological zoning methodology proposed by FAO, and the final 1: 50000 scale map was designed with the algebra mapping tool with the ArcGis Geographic Information System. Results: The Gleysols, Fluvisols, Luvisols and Lixisols groups dominate the PTT, with 65.1%, 16.2%, 6.3% and 4% respectively. 79.95% of the soils have zero aptitude towards oil palm. Limitations on study/implications: In the economy of the Mexican Southeast, oil palm is the eighth most important perennial crop above cocoa, in this scenario it is possible the expansion of plantations in the country, therefore, it is important to comply with internal regulations and carry. Findings/conclusions: The limiting factor to establish Elaeis guineensis plantations in the plains and terraces of Tabasco, Mexico, is the internal drainage of the Gleysols soils.Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the edaphic suitability of Elaeis guineensis at a semi-detailed scale (1:50000), in the Plains and Terraces of Tabasco, Mexico (PTT). Design/Methodology/Approach: The edaphic requirements consisted of a semi-detailed soil map. The evaluation of the edaphic suitability was based on the agroecological zoning methodology proposed by FAO and the final 1:50000 scale map was developed using the algebra mapping tool with the ArcGis® Geographic Information System. Results: The Gleysols, Fluvisols, Luvisols, and Lixisols groups dominate the PTT, with 65.1, 16.2, 6.3, and 4%, respectively. Most of the soils (79.95%) have zero suitability for oil palm. Study Limitations/Implications: Oil palm is the eighth most important perennial crop (over cocoa) for the economy of southeastern Mexico. In this scenario, the expansion of plantations in the country is a possibility; therefore, complying with internal regulations and carry is important. Findings/Conclusions: The internal drainage of Gleysols soils limits the establishment of E. guineensis plantations in the plains and terraces of Tabasco, Mexico

Artificial seed viability of sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Mex 69-290) under conditions of Huimanguillo-Tabasco, Mexico

To develop an artificial seed of sugar cane using sodium alginate and starch, it was possible to bring shoots resistance and protection in addition to a germination of 100 and 84%, respectively. In order to improve the technology of the artificial seed of sugarcane, two experiments were carried out to evaluate different polymer concentrations (sodium alginate and starch) and determine the maximum storage time for the artificial seed, using a completely random design, and a factorial 5x5 completely random design. The study variables were as follows: physical condition, rheological, mechanical test and seedling emergence. The results obtained have allowed to us to conclude that the best physical condition, resistance and seedling emergence, were obtained with 2% (w/v) sodium alginate and 15% (w/v) starch, corroborating that the initially proposed encapsulation is reliable for the artificial seed elaboration. The seed viability at the fifth day of elaboration was the best choice with a seedling emergence of 100 % at the 30 days of planting. Therefore, artificial seed can only be stored for five days to ensure a 100% seed germination.To develop an artificial seed of sugar cane using sodium alginate and starch, it was possible to bring shoots resistance and protection in addition to a germination of 100 and 84%, respectively. In order to improve the technology of the artificial seed of sugarcane, two experiments were carried out to evaluate different polymer concentrations (sodium alginate and starch) and determine the maximum storage time for the artificial seed, using a completely random design, and a factorial 5x5 completely random design. The study variables were as follows: physical condition, rheological, mechanical test and seedling emergence. The results obtained have allowed to us to conclude that the best physical condition, resistance and seedling emergence, were obtained with 2% (w/v) sodium alginate and 15% (w/v) starch, corroborating that the initially proposed encapsulation is reliable for the artificial seed elaboration. The seed viability at the fifth day of elaboration was the best choice with a seedling emergence of 100 % at the 30 days of planting. Therefore, artificial seed can only be stored for five days to ensure a 100% seed germination

Design for FDM of flexible tooling for manufacturing aeronautical components by incremental sheet forming

IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1193Nowadays, industrial production is required to reduce industrialization times and development costs for new products while maintaining high quality standards. In this context, the development of new flexible manufacturing technologies has gained relevance in the last few years. The use of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) additive technique has been recently proposed in different industrial sectors for manufacturing rapid tooling (dies) to be used in conventional sheet metal stamping or stretching processes with a significant decrease in costs and time savings. On the other hand, Incremental Sheet Forming (ISF) technology is characterized by an enhanced formability of the parts thus manufactured as well as for the need of a small number of tooling, reducing costs compared to conventional processes such as hydroforming or stamping. In particular, its simplest variant, Single-Point Incremental Forming (SPIF) requires the use of backing plates, which do not require tight tolerances as their only function is to collaborate in the deformation process acting as a support point. Furthermore, the strength requirements are also not a limitation since the forces involved in SPIF are very small given the local nature of the deformation. In this context, the main objective of this work is the design of a modular tooling system, manufactured using the FDM additive technique, that allows the flexible manufacturing of different aeronautical components by SPIF.Universidad de Sevilla US-1263138Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICIN). España PGC2018-095508-B-I00Junta de Andalucía P18-RT-386