Hospital contacts two year before the first HPV vaccination in 316 females who reported suspected adverse events to the vaccine and 163,910 matched controls.

<p>Denmark, 2006 to 2015. Odds ratio is adjusted for age at vaccination, year of vaccination and province (NUTS 2 area code).</p

Age specific health care-seeking in the two years prior to vaccination in 316 Danish females who reported suspected adverse events to HPV vaccination compared with 163,910 matched controls.

<p>Care-seeking was defined as contact to primary health care (from registry of reimbursements) or hospital (from the Danish National Patient Registry) in a two-year period before the first HPV vaccine. The analyses were restricted to significant variables from the final multivariable model, see <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0162520#pone.0162520.t003" target="_blank">Table 3</a>.</p

Primary health care contacts (assessed by reimbursement codes) two year before the first HPV vaccination in 316 females who reported suspected adverse events to the vaccine and 163,910 matched controls.

<p>Denmark, 2006 to 2015. Odds ratio is adjusted for age at vaccination, year of vaccination, and province (NUTS 2 area code).</p

Age at first HPV vaccination for 316 females who had suspected adverse events reported to the Danish Medicines Agency and served as cases for the registry based case-control study on care-seeking prior to the first HPV vaccination.

<p>Age at first HPV vaccination for 316 females who had suspected adverse events reported to the Danish Medicines Agency and served as cases for the registry based case-control study on care-seeking prior to the first HPV vaccination.</p

Cytokine Concentrations in Plasma from Children with Severe and Non-Severe Community Acquired Pneumonia

<div><p>Background</p><p>Children in low and middle-income countries have a high burden of pneumonia. Measuring the cytokine responses may be useful to identify novel markers for diagnosing, monitoring, and treating pneumonia.</p><p>Objective</p><p>To describe and compare a wide range of inflammatory mediators in plasma from children with WHO-defined severe and non-severe community acquired pneumonia (CAP), and explore to what extent certain mediators are associated with severity and viral detection.</p><p>Methods</p><p>We collected blood samples from 430 children with severe (n = 43) and non-severe (n = 387) CAP. Plasma from these children were analysed for 27 different cytokines, and we measured the association with age, disease severity and viral detection.</p><p>Results</p><p>There were generally higher plasma concentrations of several cytokines with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects among children with severe CAP than in children with non-severe CAP. We found significantly higher concentrations of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-9, IL-15, eotaxin, basic fibroblast growth factor (b-FGF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in the group of severe CAP. Most of these associations persisted when adjusting for age in linear regression analyses. The cytokine response was strongly associated with age but to a lesser extent with viral etiology.</p><p>Conclusion</p><p>The plasma concentrations of several cytokines, both with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, were higher among children with severe illness. In particular G-CSF and IL-6 reflected severity and might provide complementary information on the severity of the infection.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00148733?term=NCT00148733&rank=1" target="_blank">NCT00148733</a></p></div

Cytokine concentrations and differences in sub-populations based on nutritional status, breastfeeding and exposure to indoor smoking.

<p>Table 4 shows the cytokines with significant differences in various sub-groups. Medians are given in absolute concentrations (pg/ml) and all p-values are based on the Mann–Whitney U- test.</p><p>Cytokine concentrations and differences in sub-populations based on nutritional status, breastfeeding and exposure to indoor smoking.</p

Demographic data, clinical characteristics and viral isolation among children with pneumonia in Bhaktapur, Nepal.

<p>For p-values Fisher´s exact test was used for dichotomous variables and Mann-Whithey-U-test for continuous variables.</p><p>* Nuclear family = children living together with their parents.</p><p>Demographic data, clinical characteristics and viral isolation among children with pneumonia in Bhaktapur, Nepal.</p

Cytokine concentrations in relation to age in a sample of Nepalese children with WHO defined severe or non-severe pneumonia.

<p>Cytokine concentrations are shown as natural log-values. Only cytokines with significant differences are shown.</p

Predictors of Time till Recovery of illness episode in children 2–35 months hospitalized with WHO defined Severe Pneumonia.

<p>*Hazard ratios (95% CI) and P-value calculated using Cox Regression with exact p option. Hazard ratios <1 for time till recovery indicates slower resolution of illness.</p><p>Results of multiple regressions with P-value > 0.05 not shown in the table.</p><p>Model 1 (Clinical variables): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, febrile and treatment with zinc.</p><p>Model 2 (Clinical + Radiographic pneumonia): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, febrile and treatment with zinc.</p><p>Model 3 (All variables): Adjusted for gender, breastfed, febrile, CRP, nasopharyngeal aspirate positive for RSV, influenza A and B, PIV 2 and 3 and hMPV and treatment with zinc.</p><p>Predictors of Time till Recovery of illness episode in children 2–35 months hospitalized with WHO defined Severe Pneumonia.</p

Baseline Characteristics of children ages 2–35 months with WHO defined severe pneumonia.

<p>^# Calculated using WHO Growth standards.</p><p>*6 children were positive for 2 viruses simultaneously.</p><p>^## No schooling with inability to read part or whole of a sentence.</p><p>** No work/housework.</p><p>Baseline Characteristics of children ages 2–35 months with WHO defined severe pneumonia.</p