20 research outputs found
Psychological essentialism and the differential attribution of uniquely human emotions to ingroups and outgroups
According to the psychological essentialism perspective, people tend to explain differences between groups by attributing them different essences. Given a pervasive ethnocentrism, this tendency implies that the human essence will be restricted to the ingroup whereas outgroups will receive a lesser degree of humanity. Therefore, it is argued that people attribute more uniquely human characteristics to the ingroup than to the outgroup. The present article focuses on secondary emotions that constitute such characteristics. Study 1 showed that members of highâ and lowâstatus groups attribute more positive secondary emotions to the ingroup than to the outgroup. Study 2 verified that the differential attribution extended also to negative secondary emotions. No exemplars of emotions were provided in Study 3. Instead, participants had to estimate the means of two distributions of numbers that supposedly represented characteristics of the ingroup and of the outgroup. The results of this third experiment illustrated the reluctance to attribute secondary emotions to the outgroup. The findings are discussed from the perspective of psychological essentialism
The emotional side of prejudice: The attribution of secondary emotions to ingroups and outgroups
If people favor their ingroup, are especially concerned with their own group, and attribute different essences to different groups, it follows that their essence must be superior to the essence of other groups. Intelligence, language, and certain emotions are all considered to be distinctive elements of human nature or essence. The role of inteligence and language in discrimination, prejudice, and racism has already been largely investigated, and this article focuses on attributed emotions. Specifically, we investigate the idea that secondary emotions are typically human characteristics, and as such, they should be especially associated with and attributed to the ingroup. Seondary emotions may even be denied to outgroups. These differential associations and attributions of specifically human emotions to ingroups versus outgroups should affect intergroup relations. Results from several initial experiments are summarized that support our reasoning. This emotional approach to prejudice and racism is contrasted with more classic, cognitive perspectives
Emotional prejudice can lead to infra-humanization
Groups are social constructions with differences. People spontaneously attempt to explain differences between groups. Stereotypes often play this explanatory role. Specifically, group members tend to attribute different essences to social categories. Given widespread ethnocentrism, it is not surprising that individuals reserve âthe human essenceâ for their ingroup, while other groups are attributed a lesser humanity. This phenomenon is called infraâhumanisation and happens outside people's awareness. Secondary emotions (e.g., love, hope, contempt, resentment) are considered uniquely human emotions in contrast to primary emotions (e.g., joy, surprise, fear, anger) that are shared with animals. The research programme summarised in this chapter demonstrates through various paradigms that members of groups not only attribute more secondary emotions to their ingroup than to outgroups, but are also reluctant to associate these emotions with outgroups. Moreover, people behave less cooperatively with an outgroup member who expresses himself with secondary emotions than with an ingroup member who uses the same terms. Interestingly, infraâhumanisation occurs for both highâ and lowâstatus groups, even in the absence of conflict between groups
GASP XXIII: a jellyfish galaxy as an astrophysical laboratory of the baryonic cycle
© 2019. The American Astronomical Society. All rights reserved. With MUSE, Chandra, VLA, ALMA, and UVIT data from the GASP program, we study the multiphase baryonic components in a jellyfish galaxy (JW100) with a stellar mass 3.2 à 1011 M o hosting an active galactic nucleus (AGN). We present its spectacular extraplanar tails of ionized and molecular gas, UV stellar light, and X-ray and radio continuum emission. This galaxy represents an excellent laboratory to study the interplay between different gas phases and star formation and the influence of gas stripping, gas heating, and AGNs. We analyze the physical origin of the emission at different wavelengths in the tail, in particular in situ star formation (related to Hα, CO, and UV emission), synchrotron emission from relativistic electrons (producing the radio continuum), and heating of the stripped interstellar medium (ISM; responsible for the X-ray emission). We show the similarities and differences of the spatial distributions of ionized gas, molecular gas, and UV light and argue that the mismatch on small scales (1 kpc) is due to different stages of the star formation process. We present the relation Hα-X-ray surface brightness, which is steeper for star-forming regions than for diffuse ionized gas regions with a high [O i]/Hα ratio. We propose that ISM heating due to interaction with the intracluster medium (either for mixing, thermal conduction, or shocks) is responsible for the X-ray tail, observed [O i] excess, and lack of star formation in the northern part of the tail. We also report the tentative discovery in the tail of the most distant (and among the brightest) currently known ULX, a pointlike ultraluminous X-ray source commonly originating in a binary stellar system powered by either an intermediate-mass black hole or a magnetized neutron star
GASP XXIII: A jellyfish galaxy as an astrophysical laboratory of the baryonic cycle
With MUSE, Chandra, VLA, ALMA and UVIT data from the GASP programme we study
the multiphase baryonic components in a jellyfish galaxy (JW100) with a stellar
mass 3.2 X 10^{11} M_sun hosting an AGN. We present its spectacular extraplanar
tails of ionized and molecular gas, UV stellar light, X-ray and radio continuum
emission. This galaxy represents an excellent laboratory to study the interplay
between different gas phases and star formation, and the influence of gas
stripping, gas heating, and AGN. We analyze the physical origin of the emission
at different wavelengths in the tail, in particular in-situ star formation
(related to Halpha, CO and UV emission), synchrotron emission from relativistic
electrons (producing the radio continuum) and heating of the stripped
interstellar medium (ISM) (responsible for the X-ray emission). We show the
similarities and differences of the spatial distributions of ionized gas,
molecular gas and UV light, and argue that the mismatch on small scales (1kpc)
is due to different stages of the star formation process. We present the
relation Halpha--X-ray surface brightness, which is steeper for star-forming
regions than for diffuse ionised gas regions with high [OI]/Halpha ratio. We
propose that ISM heating due to interaction with the intracluster medium
(either for mixing, thermal conduction or shocks) is responsible for the X-ray
tail, the observed [OI]-excess and the lack of star formation in the northern
part of the tail. We also report the tentative discovery in the tail of the
most distant (and among the brightest) currently known ULX, a point-like
ultraluminous X-ray source commonly originating in a binary stellar system
powered either by an intermediate-mass black hole or a magnetized neutron star.Comment: accepted for publication in Ap
Incorporating Ecomaps to understand clientsâ interactions with ecological, contextual and systemic environments
Ecomaps provide understanding to how interactions between people and their external environments promote growth and development. Furthermore, they account for how individuals influence their environments, how environments favor some individualâs development more than others (e.g., privileged environments), and how ecological experiences impact how individuals navigate the world. This hands-on presentation will discuss the ecomap and its application in multicultural counseling
Actin cytoskeleton differently regulates cell surface organization of GPI-anchored proteins in polarized epithelial cells and fibroblasts
International audienceThe spatiotemporal compartmentalization of membrane-associated glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) on the cell surface regulates their biological activities. These GPI-APs occupy distinct cellular functions such as enzymes, receptors, and adhesion molecules, and they are implicated in several vital cellular processes. Thus, unraveling the mechanisms and regulators of their membrane organization is essential. In polarized epithelial cells, GPI-APs are enriched at the apical surface, where they form small cholesterol-independent homoclusters and larger heteroclusters accommodating multiple GPI-AP species, all confined within areas of approximately 65â70Â nm in diameter. Notably, GPI-AP homoclustering occurs in the Golgi apparatus through a cholesterol- and calcium-dependent mechanism that drives their apical sorting. Despite the critical role of Golgi GPI-AP clustering in their cell surface organization and the importance of cholesterol in heterocluster formation, the regulatory mechanisms governing GPI-AP surface organization, particularly in the context of epithelial polarity, remain elusive. Given that the actin cytoskeleton undergoes substantial remodeling during polarity establishment, this study explores whether the actin cytoskeleton regulates the spatiotemporal apical organization of GPI-APs in MDCK cells. Utilizing various imaging techniques (number and brightness, FRET/FLIM, and dSTORM coupled to pair correlation analysis), we demonstrate that the apical organization of GPI-APs, at different scales, does not rely on the actin cytoskeleton, unlike in fibroblastic cells. Interestingly, calcium chelation disrupts the organization of GPI-APs at the apical surface by impairing Golgi GPI-AP clustering, emphasizing the existence of an interplay among Golgi clustering, apical sorting, and surface organization in epithelial cells. In summary, our findings unveil distinct mechanisms regulating the organization of GPI-APs in cell types of different origins, plausibly allowing them to adapt to different external signals and different cellular environments in order to achieve specialized functions
Calcium levels in the Golgi complex regulate clustering and apical sorting of GPI-APs in polarized epithelial cells
International audienceGlycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) are lipid-associated luminal secretory cargoes selectively sorted to the apical surface of the epithelia where they reside and play diverse vital functions. Cholesterol-dependent clustering of GPI-APs in the Golgi is the key step driving their apical sorting and their further plasma membrane organization and activity; however, the specific machinery involved in this Golgi event is still poorly understood. In this study, we show that the formation of GPI-AP homoclusters (made of single GPI-AP species) in the Golgi relies directly on the levels of calcium within cisternae. We further demonstrate that the TGN calcium/manganese pump, SPCA1, which regulates the calcium concentration within the Golgi, and Cab45, a calcium-binding luminal Golgi resident protein, are essential for the formation of GPI-AP homoclusters in the Golgi and for their subsequent apical sorting. Down-regulation of SPCA1 or Cab45 in polarized epithelial cells impairs the oligomerization of GPI-APs in the Golgi complex and leads to their missorting to the basolateral surface. Overall, our data reveal an unexpected role for calcium in the mechanism of GPI-AP apical sorting in polarized epithelial cells and identify the molecular machinery involved in the clustering of GPI-APs in the Golgi