Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pemberian Air Susu Ibu (Asi) Ekslusif pada Bayi

Exclusive breast-feeding (ASI exclusive) should be given to babies aged until four or six months. But until now the performance was only aboud 50% mothers practiced exclusive the breast-feeding. The main purpose of this research was to team influencing factors to the "ASI exclusive". Identified factors were mothers' age, children age, mother's education level, mother's working or not, number of family members, number of children in family, average of mother income every month, average of family expences every month, attendant at the first, attendant at the last delivery and the diferencies village-urban life. The data source as Modul of National Economic Survey 2001. The total babies sample 0-4 age-month were 1533 and 0-11 age-month were 5313, respectively. The data obtained were analyzed by bivariate test to determine differences and relationship of ASI exclusive as dependent variable with each independent variable identified in this research. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to determine influencing factors to ASI exclusive. Results of descriptive analysis showed ASI exclusive according to infant's age, 42.2% were until 4 month-age, 41.2% were until 5 month-age and 36.7% were until 6 month-age babies. The differences and relationship of ASI exclusive proportions depend on mothers working or not, attendant at the last delivery, mother living in urban/rural and the average of family expences every month. Result of multivariate logistic regression analysis, showed two significant variables mothers living in urban/rural and mothers working or not. Whether the influences were weak may because not sufficient data analyzed in the multiple logistic regression only two significant variable identifed. The recommendation from this research results is to promote health education on exclusive breast-feeding among pregnant mothers

The Knowledge and Practices Related to Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever in Blitar Municipality, East Java Province

Untuk mengontrol penyakit Demam berdarah Dengue (DBD), Departmen Kesehatan RI telah melaksanakan penyuluhan pemberantasan DBD, baik melalui puskesmas maupun media massa. Dengan menggunakan survei cross-sectional, studi ini bertujuan (i) mengukur pengetahuan DBD dan praktik pemberantasan nyamuk Aedes dari anggota masyarakat, dan (ii) melihat hubungan antara pengetahuan DBD dengan praktik pemberantasan nyamuk Aedes. Dengan menggunakan multistage random sampling, dipilihlah 198 keluarga dari 4 kalurahan dl dua kecamatan, Kota Madya Blitar, Propinsi Jawa Timur. Kepala keluarga atau anggota keluarga lainnya diwawancarai dengan menggunakan kuisioner semi-terstruktur. Keseluruhan ada 198 responden telah diwawancarai. Sembilan puluh tiga persen dari responden telah mendengar istilah DBD. Dari mereka yang pernah mendengar DBD, 87% memperoleh informasi tentang DBD melalui media massa (TV 85,3%, radio 1 ,1%, koran 0,5%), dan hanya 13% dari sumber non media mass (tetangga 12,5%, bidan 0.5%). Setelah dilakukan analisis pengetahuan DBD dengan melihat sub-kelompok populasi, didapatkan bahwa secara statistik pengetahuan DBD antar sub-kelompok adalah heterogen dengan signifikan (P < 0,05) Didapatkan korelasi yang lemah (Spearman r = 0,49), antara praktik pemberantasan nyamuk Aedes dengan pengetahuan DBD. Hasil studi ini membuktikan bahwa media massa merupakan metoda yang penting dalam penyebarluasan informasi tentang DBD. Namun demikian, penyuluhan lewat media tetap harus dlkombinasi dengan pengorganisasian gerakan masyarakat, untuk mencapai aksi nyata masyarakat dalam memberantas nyamuk Aedes

Rekayasa Penyuluhan Kesehatan untuk Meningkatkan Kepedulian Kehamilan melalui Organisasi Sosial Wanita Setempat

The purpose of this study is to determine performance effectivity of the local woman social organization (PKK and Fatayat NU) in order to increase the health care of pregnant woman. The first step of this study is to create the community health education guidance, consist of two manual books that are Technical of pregnant health education instruction, and other one is the manual of hedlth education Matenal. Both of the manuals invented based on local cultural style and to have the disposal of Madura's language. The study area consist of three districts in Madura Bangkalan Regency (PKK 's area, Fatayat 's area, and Control 's area) with high infant mortality rate, high maternal mortality rate, and low rate deliveries assisted by profesional health worker. The respondents that is pregnant womans. The study showed that health education is an intervention to increase respondent's knowledge and attitude for effort of health care pregnancy. The knowledge and attitude increase as specially on pregnant indication, mother breast care, personal hygiene for pregnant woman specially, pregnant health care control at Health Centre, pregnant immumzation, delivery by profesional health workers, ante natal care, and family planning method for ante natal. Based on provider as educator this study showed after health education intervention, the effectiveness PKK 's community area is better than Fatayat's area

Pemberdayaan Masyarakat di Bidang Kesehatan dalam Pelaksanaan Otonomi Daerah di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat

Due the health decentralization's management, the district government hould be able is hopped to arangge and to develope the health system that fit to the local condition. The main issues of the health development in the decentralization's management, is the district government can implement to mobilize the potential source in the work's area to be participate in the health development, and the final result is hopped community improvement to solve the their health problem. To solve this problem, explorative study on community impoverment and partnership had been conducted which explored the fact in the field of study. The result showed that: 1. The "District Health Committe" development, which was written in the documentation of Health Desentralization Strategy, formally hasn't formed yet in East and West Lombok District. 2. The embrio of District Health Commitee has been developed in East Lombok District, namely the "Healty Coalitation of East Lombok" which it's the members consists of the association of Community Self Institution (LSM) in district level. 3. "Healthy Area Forum" which has task to develop health area has been established in West Lombok District but it still has boundary in sub-district. It was running well since its has cooperated between the community leader, district government, private enterprise, and NGO in the local area. 4. Unfortenetly, the partnership prinsciples has not been implemented to run the cooperation betwen community organization and Health District. To assure the continuing of activities, the study suggested to develop a guidence to facilitate the establisment of District Health Committe. It will lead planning construction, action, supervision, accountability monitoring of district health system development

Kemitraan antara Puskesmas dengan Sekolah Dasar dalam Kegiatan USAha Kesehatan Sekolah (Uks): Studi Kasus di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Jabon, Kecamatan Jombang, Kabupaten Jombang Jawa Timur, Tahun 2004

Health Promoting School Program is an integrated inter-programs and inter-sectors for preparing qualified human resources in the future. The success of this program mainly depends on partnership between institutions related, especially Community Health Center and schools in their work areas. This study aims to identify activities that have been done by Jabon Community Health Center in Jombang District- East Java and 4 schools in its work areas, respectively; the ongoing partnership and development of partnership between the Community Health Centers and the schools on Health Promoting School Program. Data collected by secondair data, depth interview, and interactive-discussion. The data were analyzed descriptively. Results showed the Health Promoting School Program done by Jabon Community Health Center were health screening, immunization, health education, and school health sanitation but the health education and school health sanitation were not given regularly. Furthermore, the activities were not provided to all schools in the Community Health Center's work areas. Health Promoting School activities done by the 4 schools were emergency and first aid, health education based on school curriculums. The ongoing partnership between the Community Health Center and the schools was not done regularly and just when the Community Health Center staffs visited the schools. The Jabon Community Health Center has not invited schools in its work areas to develop Health Promoting School Program plan and otherwise. To develop Health Promoting School Program, the Jabon Community Health Center and the 4 schools were agreed to enhance the partnership by dividing duties for each institution, respectively. The Jabon Community Health Center would concentrate on health services activities meanwhile the schools on health education and building on school health sanitation. Community Health Center would be the consultant for the Health Promoting School Program activities

Influence of solvents and irradiation time on structural and optical properties of cubic PbS nanoparticles

In the present paper, different particle sizes of lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles with a cubic structure were successfully prepared using a microwave irradiation method from lead acetate [(CH₃COO)₂Pb.3H₂O] and thioacetamide (CH₃CSNH₂) as the starting materials. Ethylene glycol (C₂H₆O₂), distilled water (H₂O), ethylene alcohol (C₂H₅OH) and isopropanol (C₃H₈O) were used as solvents and a 650W oven operating at 20% of the nominal power in the period of 10 min was employed. The effect of the microwave irradiation time was investigated by varying the irradiation time from 10 to 50 minutes respectively. The resulting nanoparticles in different sizes were characterized using X–ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy. The crystallite sizes were calculated from the broadening of the XRD peak using Scherrer’s equation. The results showed that the increased intensity of the XRD peak and the dipole moment of the solvents being decreased corresponded with the reduction in particle sizes. The TEM results indicated that the samples consisted of separated, well–defined spherical particles and showed a small distribution size. As can be seen from the UV–vis spectrum, the band gap energy of each sample had increased and showed a characteristic blue shift due to the quantum confinement in their optical absorption. The mechanism that influenced the solvents and irradiation time for the formation of the PbS nanoparticles were discussed

Psychosocial factors of deliberate self-harm in Afghanistan: A hospital based, matched case-control study

Background: Deliberate self-harm is not only a major global public health problem but also an important index of psychological distress and a risk factor for suicide.Aims: We aimed to determine the psychosocial risk factors for deliberate self-harm in patients aged ≥ 16 years presenting to tertiary care hospitals in Kabul, Afghanistan.Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted from February 2015 to May 2015. We recruited 185 cases (patients with deliberate self-harm) and 555 age- and sex-matched controls (patients with general medical conditions) from 4 tertiary care hospitals in Kabul. We developed a questionnaire to record the sociodemographic characteristics of the participants, history of domestic violence, drug abuse and details about the act of deliberate self-harm, including the methods used. To assess depression and anxiety, we used the WHO self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20). Matched odds ratios with 95% confidence interval using conditional logistic regression were used to determine statistically significant associations between psychosocial factors and deliberate self-harm.Results: Family conflicts, domestic violence, interpersonal arguments and living in extended families were found to be significantly associated with deliberate self-harm.Conclusions: In Afghanistan, deliberate self-harm appears to be predominately related to interpersonal problems and family conflicts. About two-thirds of females and more than half of males scored positive for depression, yet none were receiving treatment for this. These findings have important policy implications for mental health and suicide prevention programmes in the country

Pemasyarakatan Air Susu Ibu (Asi) Eksklusif melalui Penyuluhan

The objectives of this study were: (1) to evaluate and compare changes and differences on the knowledge and attitude toward Exclusive Breast Feeding, among pregnant and breast feeding mothers exposed to various campaign techniques; (2) to assess and compare proportions of Exclusive Breast Feeding practices according to various campaign techniques applied. Pretest-post test quasi experimental design, without control group, was implemented in this investigation. The total population of mothers, seven months pregnant was drawn as the subject to be investigated. A total of 377 mothers was recruited from four health centres. Data and informations were gathered through observations and structured interviews. Comparative tests were employed in data analyses. Pregnant mothers recruited for this investigation were subjected to direct educational sessions delivered by PKK cadres, and they were also provtded with informative leaflets. These cadres applied four educational techniques, i.e. lectures, simulations, group discussions, role play. The results of this study showed, that the four educational techniques produced significant differences on the improvements of breast feeding knowledge. However, the study indicated no significant different on Exclusive Breast Feeding attitude and practice. At the end of the investiga­tion, there were significant improvements on attitude towards Exclusive Breast Feeding in each study area. The Exclusive Breast Feeding was practiced upon newborn babies until they reached three months of age (48.3%) and 4 months of age (51.7%). The low levels of knowledge, attlfude toward Exclusive Breast Feeding, and the practice of Exclusive Breast Feedmg, tend to be influenced by campaign implementation by cadres