High-fructose corn-syrup-sweetened beverage intake increases 5-hour breast milk fructose concentrations in lactating women

This study determined the effects of consuming a high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS)-sweetened beverage on breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose concentrations in lactating women. At six weeks postpartum, lactating mothers (n = 41) were randomized to a crossover study to consume a commercially available HFCS-sweetened beverage or artificially sweetened control beverage. At each session, mothers pumped a complete breast milk expression every hour for six consecutive hours. The baseline fasting concentrations of breast milk fructose, glucose, and lactose were 5.0 ± 1.3 µg/mL, 0.6 ± 0.3 mg/mL, and 6.8 ± 1.6 g/dL, respectively. The changes over time in breast milk sugars were significant only for fructose (treatment × time, p < 0.01). Post hoc comparisons showed the HFCS-sweetened beverage vs. control beverage increased breast milk fructose at 120 min (8.8 ± 2.1 vs. 5.3 ± 1.9 µg/mL), 180 min (9.4 ± 1.9 vs. 5.2 ± 2.2 µg/mL), 240 min (7.8 ± 1.7 vs. 5.1 ± 1.9 µg/mL), and 300 min (6.9 ± 1.4 vs. 4.9 ± 1.9 µg/mL) (all p < 0.05). The mean incremental area under the curve for breast milk fructose was also different between treatments (14.7 ± 1.2 vs. −2.60 ± 1.2 µg/mL × 360 min, p < 0.01). There was no treatment × time interaction for breast milk glucose or lactose. Our data suggest that the consumption of an HFCS-sweetened beverage increased breast milk fructose concentrations, which remained elevated up to five hours post-consumption

In Situ Diazotroph Population Dynamics Under Different Resource Ratios in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre.

Major advances in understanding the diversity, distribution, and activity of marine N2-fixing microorganisms (diazotrophs) have been made in the past decades, however, large gaps in knowledge remain about the environmental controls on growth and mortality rates. In order to measure diazotroph net growth rates and microzooplankton grazing rates on diazotrophs, nutrient perturbation experiments and dilution grazing experiments were conducted using free-floating in situ incubation arrays in the vicinity of Station ALOHA in March 2016. Net growth rates for targeted diazotroph taxa as well as Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus and photosynthetic picoeukaryotes were determined under high (H) and low (L) nitrate:phosphate (NP) ratio conditions at four depths in the photic zone (25, 45, 75, and 100 m) using quantitative PCR and flow cytometry. Changes in the prokaryote community composition in response to HNP and LNP treatments were characterized using 16S rRNA variable region tag sequencing. Microzooplankton grazing rates on diazotrophs were measured using a modified dilution technique at two depths in the photic zone (15 and 125 m). Net growth rates for most of the targeted diazotrophs after 48 h were not stimulated as expected by LNP conditions, rather enhanced growth rates were often measured in HNP treatments. Interestingly, net growth rates of the uncultivated prymnesiophyte symbiont UCYN-A1 were stimulated in HNP treatments at 75 and 100 m, suggesting that N used for growth was acquired through continuing to fix N2 in the presence of nitrate. Net growth rates for UCYN-A1, UCYN-C, Crocosphaera sp. (UCYN-B) and the diatom symbiont Richelia (associated with Rhizosolenia) were uniformly high at 45 m (up to 1.6 ± 0.5 d-1), implying that all were growing optimally at the onset of the experiment at that depth. Differences in microzooplankton grazing rates on UCYN-A1 and UCYN-C in 15 m waters indicate that the grazer assemblage preyed preferentially on UCYN-A1. Deeper in the water column (125 m), both diazotrophs were grazed at substantial rates, suggesting grazing pressure may increase with depth in the photic zone. Constraining in situ diazotroph growth and mortality rates are important steps for improving parameterization for diazotrophs in global ecosystem models

LRO Diviner Soil Composition Measurements - Lunar Sample Ground Truth

The Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter [1,2] includes three thermal infrared channels spanning the wavelength ranges 7.55-8.05 microns 8.10-8.40 microns, and 8.38-8.68 microns. These "8 micron" bands were specifically selected to measure the "Christiansen feature". The wavelength location of this feature, referred to herein as CF, is particularly sensitive to silicate minerals including plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine the major crystalline components of lunar rocks and soil. The general trend is that lower CF values are correlated with higher silica content and higher CF values are correlated with lower silica content. In a companion abstract, Greenhagen et al. [3] discuss the details of lunar mineral identification using Diviner data

Remote Analysis of Regional Lunar Pyroclastic Deposits - Consistency and Precision of LRO Diviner Estimates

Allen et al. recently published a new method of estimating the FeO abundances of lunar pyroclastic deposits. This method is derived from orbital thermal infrared measurements by the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft. The present study utilizes Diviner data from the Taurus Littrow regional pyroclastic deposit to assess the consistency and precision of such estimates

Analysis of Lunar Pyroclastic Glass Deposit FeO Abundances by LRO Diviner

Telescopic observations and orbital images of the Moon reveal at least 75 deposits, often tens to hundreds of km across, that mantle mare or highland surfaces [1]. These deposits are interpreted as the products of pyroclastic eruptions and designated herein as lunar pyroclastic deposits (LPD). They are understood to be composed primarily of sub-millimeter beads of basaltic composition, ranging from glassy to partially-crystallized [2]. Delano [3] documented 25 distinct pyroclastic bead compositions in lunar soil samples, though the source deposits for most of these beads have not been identified. The pyroclastic deposits are important for many reasons. Petrology experiments and modeling have demonstrated that the pyroclastic glasses are the deepest-sourced and most primitive basalts on the Moon [4]. Recent analyses have documented the presence of water in these glasses, demonstrating that the lunar interior is considerably more volatile-rich than previously understood [5]. Experiments have shown that the iron-rich pyroclastic glasses release the highest percentage of oxygen of any Apollo soils, making these deposits promising lunar resources [6]

Thermal Stability of Frozen Volatiles in the North Polar Region of Mercury

Earth-based radar observations have revealed the presence on Mercury of anomalously bright, depolarizing features that appear to be localized in the permanently shadowed regions of high-latitude impact craters [1]. Observations of similar radar signatures over a range of radar wavelengths implies that they correspond to deposits that are highly transparent at radar wavelengths and extend to depths of several meters below the surface [1]. Thermal models using idealized crater topographic profiles have predicted the thermal stability of surface and subsurface water ice at these same latitudes [2]. One of the major goals of the MESSENGER mission is to characterize the nature of radar-bright craters and presumed associated frozen volatile deposits at the poles of Mercury through complementary orbital observations by a suite of instruments [3]. Here we report on an examination of the thermal stability of water ice and other frozen volatiles in the north polar region of Mercury using topographic profiles obtained by the Mercury Laser Altimeter (MLA) instrument [4] in conjunction with a three-dimensional ray-tracing thermal model previously used to study the thermal environment of polar craters on the Moon [5]

Remote Analysis of Lunar Pyroclastic Glass Deposits by LRO Diviner

Telescope observations and orbital images of the Moon reveal at least 75 deposits, often tens to hundreds of km across, that mantle mare or highland surfaces. These deposits are interpreted as the products of pyroclastic eruptions and designated herein as lunar pyroclastic deposits (LPD). They are understood to be composed primarily of sub-millimeter beads of basaltic composition, ranging from glassy to partially-crystallized. Delano documented 25 distinct pyroclastic bead compositions in lunar soil samples, though the source deposits for most of these beads have not been identified. The pyroclastic deposits are important for many reasons. Petrology experiments and modeling have demonstrated that the pyroclastic glasses are the deepest-sourced and most primitive basalts on the Moon. Recent analyses have documented the presence of water in these glasses, demonstrating that the lunar interior is considerably more volatile-rich than previously understood. Experiments have shown that the iron-rich pyroclastic glasses release the highest percentage of oxygen of any Apollo soils, making these deposits promising lunar resources

Effects of estrone and organic carbon exposure on the transformation of estrone

Exposure of biomass to estrone (E1) and alternate organic substrates was studied to determine whether cometabolism or multiple substrate utilization is an operating mechanism for the transformation of E1 and if feeding intervals affect the selection of E1 degrading bacteria. Biomass generated in membrane bioreactors (MBRs) was capable of degrading E1 regardless of E1 exposure. Nevertheless, pre-exposed biomass had higher E1 transformation rates (P = 0.05) and un-exposed biomass showed a clear lag phase (6 h) prior to E1 tranformation. These results are consistent with and strongly suggest metabolic transformation of E1 via multiple substrate utilization. In the feeding interval study, longer intervals between feeding periods selected for E1 degraders at high organic carbon loads (100 mg COD L−1 d−1; P = 0.018), but had no effect at low organic carbon loads (30 mg COD L−1 d−1; P = 0.32). A lag phase was observed in E1 transformation during famine periods but was absent during feast periods. This result indicates that the presence of other organic carbon substrates speeds the transformation of E1. This research is the first to demonstrate evidence for the role of multiple substrate utilization in the transformation of E1 and suggests operating conditions to improve selection for and activity of E1 degrading bacteria