Efek Peg 400 dan Mentol pada Formulasi Patch Ekstrak Daun Sirih (Piper Betle L.) terhadap Pelepasan Senyawa Polifenol

Tanaman sirihhijau(Piper betle L.) digunakan pada pengobatan penyakit gingivitis secara empiris yang diformulasikan dalam bentuk sediaan patch. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh PEG 400 dan mentol dalam patch ekstrak daun sirih (Piper betle L.) terhadap pelepasan senyawa polifenol serta mengetahui formula optimal yang menghasilkan pelepasan polifenol yang maksimal. Uji pelepasan senyawa polifenol dari patch menggunakan sel difusi Franz tanpa menggunakan membran yang dimodifikasi.Untuk mengetahui pelepasan senyawa polifenol menggunakan prinsip Folin-Ciocalteu, kadarnya diukur dengan menggunakan metode Spektrofometri UV-Vis. Hubungan antara PEG 400 dan mentol didalam formula yang berpengaruh dapat meningkatkan pelepasan polifenol dapat digambarkan melalui persamaan quadratik yaitu y=2.39039(A)+4.42733(B)+3.00796(A)(B).Hasil disolusi efisiensimemperlihatkan nilai yang bervariasi, berkisar antara 4,44 % hingga 10,16 % selama 360 menit. Diperoleh formula optimum dengan perbandingan PEG 400 dan mentol (0,650:1,350) nilai disolusi efisiensi yang dihasilkan sebesar 10,14% selama 360 menit. Kecepatan pelepasan (fluks)polifenol yang diperoleh sebesar 1,412 mg/jam.cm2dengan mekanisme pelepasan polifenol mengikuti persamaan Korsmeyer Peppas dengan difusi non-Fickian(1>n> 0,5)yaitu laju difusi dan erosi polimer berjalan seimbang

Finding and promoting a local conservation consensus in a globally important tropical forest landscape

Can democratic processes favour conservation outcomes in the tropics? This study focuses on local viewpoints within a forested landscape of high conservation significance in East Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). Stakeholders received posters displaying results from a previous study; these posters emphasised local priorities and views regarding local biodiversity. We assess local attitudes to this information, and consider some implications. Knowledge of, and agreement with, poster content increased among villagers, towns people and civil servants after they received posters. All respondents appreciated the posters and all supported some form of forest conservation. All respondents agreed that biodiversity conservation and local views are vital in land-use planning. All agreed that logging companies need to be better controlled, while 80% consider them a ‘‘major environmental threat’’. These results bolster our belief that involving communities is not only an ethically defensible way to achieve conservation outcomes, but also a pragmatic opportunity to do so

Innocent invaders?: a preliminary assessment of Cecropia, an American tree, in Java

Background: Invasive alien species receive little attention in many tropical countries. Aims: We examine the Neotropical tree genus Cecropia in West Java and ask how eradication decisions should be judged given limited resources. Methods: The distribution was determined based on field searches. The history, impacts and perceptions of Cecropia were examined through official records, observations, interviews and published literature. Results : At least four Cecropia species were planted in the Bogor Botanic Gardens, West Java Province, Indonesia, during the twentieth century but only C. peltata appears to have naturalised extensively. Since 1943 Cecropia has spread over 1290 km2. Implied mean rates of spread range from 0.13 km year?1 to 0.68 km year?1, with the fastest rates occurring down-slope and along river valleys. It has reached Jakarta to the north and the Mount Gede-Pangrango National Park to the south. It occurs only in open and disturbed locations. Local farmers consider Cecropia only a minor nuisance. We review 15 other reports of Cecropia naturalised outside the Neotropics. Conclusions: Without control, Cecropia may eventually become common throughout Java. There is no evidence that any serious problem will, or will not result. We call for the development and implementation of low-cost and decisive assessment procedures for evaluating the control and management of naturalised organisms

The importance of forest and landscape resource for community around gunung Lumut protected forest, East Kalimantan

The forest of Gunung Lumut in Pasir District, East Kalimantan was designated for a protection forest in 1983. It is surrounded by 15 villages and one settlement lies inside it.Communities in those villages are dependent upon the landscape and forest resources mainly for non timber forest products. This study was focused on the perception of the communities on the importance of the landscape and forests. The study was conducted in two settlements, located in and outside (near) the protection forest, namely Rantau Layung Village and Mului Sub-Village. Data collection was undertaken through general fi eld observations, keyinformant personal interviews and focus group discussions. In Rantau Layung, the most important land type was rice fi eld, whereas in Mului was forest. There were 13 and 14 use categories of landscape resources in Rantau Layung and Mului, respectively, such as food, medicine, constructions and source of income. People in Rantau Layung and Mului ranked plants to be more important than animals. People also considered products from wild resources to be more important than those from cultivated and purchased sources. Communities living in both settlements considered the future uses of forests to be the most important as compared to those of the present and past. They suggested that sungkai (Peronema canescens) and telien (Eusideroxylon zwageri) to be the most important plants while payau (Cervus unicolor) and telaus (Muntiacus muntjak) to be the most important animals. People used the wildlife mainly for food and source of income. They also identifi ed important and potential resources for economic development in the area, i.e. ecotourism and hydropower for electric generator

People priorities and perceptions: towards conservation partnership in Mamberamo

This report refers to the follow-up activities in Mamberamo developed by CIFOR and CI in 2006. The new activities included additional socio-economic surveys in three villages. The accuracy of the participatory maps of the natural resources and important landscape features were improved using GPS ground checks. Participatory maps of territorial land claims and land use by clans were also drafted. Additional information was then collected on local biodiversity monitoring and control of the land and resources. The results show that local communities with village territories of between 1000 and 1700 km2 per village which they regularly patrol, have a strong awareness of the threats to their wild resources, and equally the need to maintain the watershed’s services