Zirconia as A Core Material - A Literature Review

 Teeth that have become severely compromised by decay, large failing restorations, or fracture most often require full-coverage crowns to restore them to their original form and function. A core buildup is a restoration placed in a badly broken down or grossly decayed tooth to restore the bulk of the coronal portion of the tooth. This facilitates the subsequent restoration by means of an indirect extra coronal restoration. The strength of the tooth can be enhanced with intracoronal support. It should have compressive strength to resist intraoral forces and flexural strength to prevent core dislodgement during function. It should also have sufficient flexural strength, biocompatibility, resistance to leakage of oral fluids at the core-tooth interface, ease of manipulation, and ability to bond to remaining tooth structure. The primary purpose of a core build- up is to replace enough missing tooth structure to permit the creation of ideal retention and resistance form in the crown preparation. Materials used for core restoration after endodontic treatment include amalgam, resin composites, zirconia to name a few. The aim of this review is to evaluate the use of zirconia as a core material by assessing the studies available in comparison to other core materials

Automated Models for the Classification of Magnetic Resonance Brain Tumour Images

Brain tumours are the second largest cause of cancer death in children under 15 and young adults until age 34. Also, among people over 65, these tumours are the second-fastest growing cause of cancer death. Computer-assisted tumour diagnosis is challenging, and efforts to increase the accuracy of tumour classification and generalisation are continually being made despite the plethora of studies conducted. This study of automated multi-class brain tumour classification utilising Magnetic Resonance Images aims to design and develop three automatic brain tumour classification approaches to categorise the brain tumours as glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumours, which assist clinicians in making brain tumour diagnoses and developing further treatment plans to save patient’s life. This research proposes a transfer learning approach using ResNet 50, handcrafted features with machine learning classifiers, and a hybrid firefly-optimised multi-class classifier for tumour classification. The hybrid methodology yields the highest classification accuracy of 99% using the Figshare dataset. Furthermore, using the Figshare dataset, the hybrid technique yields the highest sensitivity (recall) of 99% for meningioma and pituitary tumours, the highest precision of 100% for pituitary tumours, and the highest F1- measure of 99% for pituitary tumours

HEPATOPROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF CAESALPENIA BONDUC AGAINST CCL4 INDUCED CHRONIC HEPATOTOXICITY

Objective: The leaves of Caesalpinia bonduc (CB) have been used against various disorders in folk medicine including the liver disorders. Earlier, we have shown the hepatoprotective effect of CB in acute hepatotoxicity model. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-hepatotoxic and anti-fibrotic effect of the aqueous leaf extract of CB on CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride) induced chronic hepatotoxicity/fibrosis in Wistar rats.Methods: Animals were divided into three groups namely; preventive, curative and prophylactic, which was further subdivided into four groups each: Group I–untreated control, group II-CCl4 control, group III-CB+CCl4 and group IV–silymarin+CCl4. The aqueous extract of CB/silymarin was administered orally once, daily for eight weeks in the curative group and for four weeks in preventive and prophylactic groups respectively. The chronic liver damage/fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of CCl4 twice a week, for four weeks in preventive and prophylactic groups and for eight weeks in the curative group. Blood samples were collected for assaying serum biochemical parameters, and the livers were excised and processed for histology.Results: The data showed that supplementation of aqueous leaf extract of CB along with CCl4 significantly reduced the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase(ALP), total bilirubin(TB) and prothrombin time(PT) thus further restoring the total protein(TP) and albumin(ALB) in preventive, curative and prophylactic groups when compared to CCl4 control. Significant improvement in the microscopic structure of the liver further confirmed the hepatoprotective effect of aqueous extract of CB over the liver injury and fibrosis induced by CCl4 in rats.Conclusion: The study, therefore, suggests that aqueous extract of CB might provide a novel and alternative approach for treating the chronic hepatotoxicity/liver fibrosis.Keywords: Caesalpenia bonduc, Liver, Chronic, CCl4, Fibrosis, Silymarin, Hepato-protectio

Caesalpinia bonduc Linn Extracts Exhibit Hepatoprotective Effect on HepG2 Cells against Paracetamol by Up-regulating Glutathione Related Genes

Background: Caesalpinia bonduc (CB) is said to own various pharmacological and therapeutic application against a number of diseases. It is used widely in folk medicine to treat liver diseases. In the present study, we have made a sincere effort to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of CB leaf extracts against Paracetamol (PCM) induced toxicity and their mechanism of hepatoprotection in the human Hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2 cells) thereby providing scientific evidence for the same. Material and Methods: The hepatoprotective activity of CB was assessed in-vitro by the estimation of glutathione (GSH) and Malondialdehyde (MDA), anti-apoptotic assay/Annexin V and the expressions of genes such as Glutathione Reductase (GS-R) and Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase, Catalytic (GCLC). Results: The obtained results suggest that the aqueous extract of CB possess significant hepatoprotective activity. This activity may be due to the possible antioxidant property and the free radical scavenging ability of the extracts, which might clear the toxic metabolites of PCM. Conclusion: The present study suggests that the aqueous extract of CB have potential hepatoprotective activity, which may prevent the lipid peroxidation of the cell membrane by its antioxidant properties

The Role of Natural Medicines on Wound Healing: A Biomechanical, Histological, Biochemical and Molecular Study

BACKGROUND: Traditional medicinal systems like Ayurveda and Indian folk medicine have used Honey, Ghee, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Nerium indicum effectively for treating wounds. The known result of these medications is faster healing. However, the mechanism of actions at the tissue level, the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of healing is not well explored and documented. This present study was therefore designed to study the efficacy of these traditional medicines singly and in combinations on excision wounds in Wistar rats.METHODS: At two different intervals (i.e., day 8 and day 16), biomechanical, histological and immunohistochemical (IHC) parameters were assessed at the wound site. IHC focused on the inflammatory rate by evaluating the level of cytokine, IL1β and the tissue remodeling by studying the activity of myofibroblasts.RESULTS: Rapid epithelization, better remodeling, favorable inflammatory changes and an adequate myofibroblast activity at the wound site was observed in all the treated groups compared to control.CONCLUSION: This study is therefore useful in exploring the mechanism of action of these traditional medicines and providing valuable scientific evidence. 

Primary squamous cell carcinoma arising from palpebral conjunctiva: A rare presentation

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the conjunctiva usually arises from the limbal conjunctiva. Rarely, it can arise from the palpebral conjunctiva. We report a case of primary conjunctival SCC of the palpebral conjunctiva which was treated successfully

Structural Stability in Dimer and Tetramer Clusters of l‑Alanine in the Gas Phase and the Feasibility of Peptide Bond Formation

Stability in low-energy structures of the dimer and tetramer clusters of l-alanine in the gas phase is studied by accurate quantum chemical computations at the DLPNO2013-CCSD­(T) level. It is found that the dispersion interaction energies in the dimer (−0.3 to −0.6 kcal/mol) and in the tetramer (−1.3 to −2.5 kcal/mol) have a small role in the stability of the clusters as compared to the hydrogen bond (HB) energies −4.1 to −14.2 and −32.2 to −40.1 kcal/mol, respectively. The HB energy in the alanine cluster is obtained from the binding energy (BE) of DLPNO2013-CCSD­(T)//B2PLYP/def2-TZVP by subtracting the dispersion interaction energy. Local HB energies deduced from the dimer structures are found to be suitable to estimate total HB energies in similar environments. The BEs of OH···NH and OH···OC bonds are −9.5 and −7.1 kcal/mol, respectively. This suggests that the higher clusters are formed through OH···NH bonds as they confer more stability. Analysis of bonding in the tetramer shows that the low-energy tetramer and higher clusters are formed through the OH···NH mode of hydrogen bonding, unlike the dimer which is formed through the OH···OC bond. Feasibility of the amino acid cluster to function as a precursor for polypeptide formation is examined because the orientation of the OH···NH mode of hydrogen bonding is suitable for chemical condensation. The propensity of forming coiled structures in higher clusters and thus in the polypeptides is examined based on the conformational stability in the tetramer of alanine

Modulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract on Cd-induced oxidative stress in Wistar rats

Background: Cadmium (Cd), a nonessential heavy metal, is a major environmental and public health concern. Oxidative stress plays an important role in Cd-induced kidney dysfunction. Tinospora cordifolia, a medicinal plant rich in phytochemicals, possesses antioxidant activity. The objective of the present study was to assess the protective effect of Tinospora cordifolia-stem methanolic extract (TCE) on Cd-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were administered ∼5 mg/kg body weight Cd orally and 100 mg/kg body weight TCE for 28 days. At the end of Cd and TCE treatment, biochemical assays were performed in serum and tissue homogenate. Results: Cd-induced oxidative stress in the kidney resulted in increased levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content with a significant decrease in cellular antioxidants, such as reduced GSH, SOD, CAT, GPX, and GST. Cd-induced nephrotoxicity was further confirmed by marked changes in the histology of the kidney and increased levels of kidney markers. Additionally, Cd-treated rats showed alterations in membrane-bound ATPase activity and decreased levels of tissue glycoproteins. Cotreatment with TCE considerably reduced the biochemical alterations in serum and renal tissue induced by Cd, and also restored ATPase activity and glycoproteins to near normal levels. Conclusion: Our results suggested that TCE with its antioxidant effect offered cytoprotection against Cd-induced toxicity in kidneys by restoring the altered cellular antioxidants and renal markers. TCE treatment for 28 days reversed ATPase activity and tissue glycoprotein levels. These results revealed the protective effect of TCE on Cd-induced toxicity in kidneys and oxidative stress

ARM BASED FISHING BOAT SECURITY

Abstract: In this research paper, the proposed concept is to safeguard the uneducated fisher men crossing the border and guides them to go in a right path and save their life. Our proposed idea helps in locating the Fishing boat using GPS system. This information is transmitted using wireless mode to the control system. Then by detecting the latitude and longitudinal location of the Fishing boat, the control system detects the present area of the Fishing boat and send command signal to the Fishing boat using wireless mode to guide the vehicle if the boat is out from the border. The GPS system is the latest technology which helps us in identifying the Fishing boat either inside or outside the border. The ZIGBEE technology also helps us to communicate from both the ends i.e., the control system and Fishing boat. Hence with the both improved technologies, it can be saved the human life from danger. GPS is used in this system to monitor the boat position anywhere in the sea. In other words, the GPS unit simply measures the travel time of the signals transmitted from the satellites, then multiplies them by the speed of light to determine exactly how far the unit is from every satellite its sampling. GPS receiver receives the boat position with the help of latitude and longitude from satellite through GPS antenna and sends the information to the microcontroller. Microcontroller displays the latitude and longitude on the LCD display. Then information signal is transmitted through ZIGBEE. Similarly the wind speed also calculated using anemometer. All the information related to the process is sent to the Microcontrolle

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Not AvailableMaize (Zea mays L.) is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses in India. Among biotic factors, in addition to stem borers, outbreak of an invasive pest, fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) observed in India in 2018 . This important whorl feeder and yield limiting pest has spread to major maize producing states of India . It was first reported outside Americas in Central and West African countries in 2016 and later on spread to almost all sub-Saharan African countries. FAW is highly polyphagous, migratory with wide host range (>350 plant species) with strong preference for maize. The larvae feed on different parts of the plant and cause serious damage resulting in yield reduction of 14.3–22.7% at the early whorl stage. Thorough knowledge on life history traits, population dynamics and mortality factors are essential for the development of integrated pest management strategies in India.Not Availabl