Barreras percibidas y nivel de actividad física en adultos mayores de Aguascalientes, Ags.: Un estudio transversal

Introduction. Mexico is in demographic transition being more than 10% of its population older adults who have a high frequency of non-communicable diseases. The objective was to know the relationship between perceived barriers and physical activity level in older adults from Aguascalientes in Mexico. Material and methods. The present study is cross-sectional, analytic, and observational.150 older adults registered in the Family Integral Development System from Aguascalientes State were included at random, who accepted to participate by signing a consent form. A questionnaire to detect perceived barriers as well as an international physical activity questionnaire was applied. Statistical analysis. Z for two proportions, p-value and odds ratio, 95% confidence interval were calculated, between external and internal perceived barriers and low physical activity level in older adults from the sample. Results. In reference to the sample, 71.3% were between 60 and 70 years old; 72% were female, 78% had low physical activity level. The lack of information about physical activity benefits is a barrier in relation to low physical activity (Z=2.36, p=0.02, OR=2.97 95%CI=1.28 to 6.90); the lack of support from their family is another barrier in relation to their low physical activity (Z=2.91, p=0.003, OR=3.82, 95%CI=161 to 9.10); another barrier was the lack of places (such as health centers and gyms for older adults) to perform physical activity (Z=4.2, p<0.05, OR=5.8, 95%CI=2.5 to 13.3). Conclusion. The nursing designing programs to perform physical activity in older adults should take into account these perceived barriers.Introducción. México está en transición demográfica con más del 10% de su población, siendo adultos mayores, quienes tienen elevada prevalencia de enfermedades no transmisibles. El objetivo fue conocer la relación entre las barreras percibidas y el nivel de actividad física en adultos mayores de Aguascalientes, Ags.Materiales y métodos. Es un estudio transversal, observacional, analítico. 150 adultos mayores registrados en el Sistema de Desarrollo Integral Familiar de Aguascalientes, que firmaron el consentimiento, fueron incluidos. Se aplicaron los cuestionarios de barreras percibidas y el internacional de actividad física.Análisis estadístico. Z para dos proporciones, valor de p, Razón de Momios e intervalos de confianza al 95% fueron calculados, entre barreras percibidas externas e internas y el nivel de actividad física que realizaban los adultos mayores de la muestra.Resultados. La muestra estuvo integrada por adultos mayores con edad entre los 60 y 70 años; 72% fueron mujeres, 78% tenían bajo nivel de actividad física. La falta de información acerca de los beneficios de la actividad física es una barrera para tener mejor nivel de actividad física (Z=2.36, p=0.02, RM=2.97 IC95%=1.28 a 6.90); la falta de apoyo de las familias es otra barrera para la actividad física (Z=2.91, p=0.003, RM=3.82, IC95%=161 a 9.10); también fue una barrera la falta de espacios para realizar actividad física, tales como centros de salud y gimnasios para adultos mayores (Z=4.2, p<0.05, RM=5.8, IC95=2.5 a 13.3).Conclusión. El diseño de programas de enfermeríapara realizar actividad física en adultos mayores, deberán tomar en cuenta las barreras percibidas

La autoestima como factor estresor intrapersonal para el consumo de alcohol en trabajadoras sexuales

Introduction. Alcoholism is a worldwide health issue, and female consumers are increasing. Prostitution could be linked to alcohol abuse.Objective. To evaluate the effect of self-esteem as an intrapersonal stress factor on alcohol use in female prostitutes.Material and methods. An approved study by the Research Committee. Cross-sectional, analytical study of prostitutes from Cosoleacaque, Veracruz, Mexico. For alcohol use the AUDIT questionnaire was used and for self-esteem, the Coopersmith inventory.Statistical analysis. The Odds Ratio between low self-esteem and alcohol use, 95% confidence intervals and Attributable Fraction in Exposed were calculated. An attempt was made to generate a logistic regression model.Results. The trial sample was made up by 50 prostitutes. The Odds Ratio between low self- esteem and alcohol use was 5.08 (95% CI 0.59 a 43.95), and an Attributable Fraction in Exposed of 80.3%. The logistic model was not built because no variable of the study demonstrated an improvement in the model using the probability ratio test.Conclusions. According to Betty Neuman’s system model, low self-esteem has a strong effect and impact in the use and abuse of alcoholIntroducción. El alcoholismo es un problema mundial de salud y en las mujeres consumidoras se está incrementando. El sexo servicio podría estar ligado al consumo de alcohol.Objetivo. Medir la relación entre autoestima como factor estresor intrapersonal y el consumo de alcohol en las trabajadoras sexuales.Material y métodos. Estudio aprobado por el Comité de Investigación. Estudio transversal analítico en sexoservidoras en Cosoleacaque, Veracruz. Para consumo de alcohol se utilizó el cuestionario AUDIT y para la autoestima el inventario de Coopersmith.Análisis estadístico. Se calculó Razón de Momios entre autoestima baja y consumo de alcohol, intervalos de confianza al 95% y la Fracción Atribuible en los Expuestos. Se intentó generar un modelo de regresión logística.Resultados. La muestra fueron 50 sexoservidoras. La Razón de Momios entre autoestima baja y consumo de alcohol fue de 5.08, con una Fracción Atribuible en Expuestos de 80.3%. No se construyó el modelo logístico ya que ninguna variable de estudio mostró mejorar el modelo con el Test de Razón de Probabilidad.Conclusiones. De acuerdo con el modelo de los Sistemas de Betty Neuman, la autoestima baja tiene efecto e impacto en el consumo de alcoho

Epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mexico and Latin America

This chapter presents some insights into COVID-19 in children. We begin by summarizing the fundamental aspects of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. We also cover issues about the severity of the disease and fatality and factors associated with the outcome of pediatric patients with COVID-19. Most evidence treated in this chapter comes from reports in Mexico, but a general landscape in Latin America is pictured. COVID-19 does not seem to be so severe among children. It is worth noting that those at higher risk are the children between 0 and 2 years who develop pneumonia. In this chapter, we did not discuss extensively the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome nor the social impact that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on children. Many studies used for this chapter relied on open data sources resulting from a surveillance system designed for the general population. Therefore, specific variables for children were not analyzed

Vaccination Barriers in Mexico

Immunization is a simple, effective, and low-cost way to protect the child population against infectious diseases. However, various barriers interrupt compliance with the necessary vaccination schedule. For example, anti-vaccine groups that encourage fear and misinform—in this scenario, social networks are an unreliable source of information with high diffusion. Health personnel must help generate trust in patients, provide truthful information and reduce vaccination hesitancy among the population. The main objective of the universal vaccination program is to obtain the greatest possible coverage of vaccines in the entire population, so as to prevent the development of certain pathologies

Post-COVID-19 Condition and Its Presence in Mexico

In this chapter, we discuss general information about the post-COVID-19 condition, also known as long COVID. Since it is still under research, many questions remain unanswered. Nevertheless, post-acute complications due to infections have been previously reported for other viruses. Among those complications that remain are anosmia, fatigue, cardiovascular, and pulmonary. The evidence so far suggests that these complications decrease with time. The most worrying persistent symptoms due to COVID-19 are related to neurological damage. Most post-COVID-19 complications can be treated in a standard way, but their impact on life quality is unknown. Finally, we present a rough landscape of long COVID-19 in Mexico and Latin America. More studies are needed to study this condition and its impact on public health

Treatments for the Infection by SARS-CoV-2

In late 2019, pneumonia cases from unknown origin were detected in Wuhan, China. The cause was a new coronavirus. The World Health Organization (WHO) named the virus SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 the associated disease. In the first months of 2020, this disease became a pandemic with a high lethality reported. Since then, the search for treatments began. We started by searching among treatments previously approved for human use that were not designed for COVID-19 and were considered to treat this condition. We continued searching on the therapeutics guidelines published by the WHO for the management of infection by SARS-CoV-2. Based on these results, we searched for the literature in PubMed to obtain further evidence on the drugs against SARS-CoV-2. The treatments presented in this chapter are Ivermectin, Hydroxychloroquine, Nitazoxanide, Azithromycin, Molnupiravir, Casirivimab-Imdevimab, Ritonavir-Nirmatrelvir, Ritonavir-Lopinavir, Remdesivir, and Favipiravir. Two years ahead of the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a plenty of options for treatment have been investigated. Only a few of them have been shown to be efficient and safe. According to the WHO, Ritonavir-Nirmatrelvir outperforms other proposed therapeutics

Use of a rapid test on umbilical cord blood to screen for Trypanosoma cruzi infection in pregnant women in Argentina, Bolivia, Honduras, and Mexico

Fil: Sosa-Estani, Sergio. ANLIS Dr.C.G.Malbrán. Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-Epidemias; Argentina.Fil: Gamboa-León, Miriam Rubi. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Laboratorio de Parasitología; México.Fil: Del Cid-Lemus, Jaime. Intibucá. Región Sanitaria No. 10; Honduras.Fil: Althabe, Fernando. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina.Fil: Alger, Jackeline. Instituto de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitología Antonio Vidal; Honduras.Fil: Almendares, Olivia. Tulane University. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Estados Unidos.Fil: Cafferata, María L. Hospital de Clínicas. Unidad de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica Montevideo; Uruguay.Fil: Chippaux, Jean-Philippe. L'Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD); Bolivia.Fil: Dumonteil, Eric. Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán. Laboratorio de Parasitología; México.Fil: Gibbons, Luz. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina.Fil: Schneider, Dominique. L'Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD); Bolivia.Fil: Belizán, José M. Instituto de Efectividad Clínica y Sanitaria; Argentina.Fil: Buekens, Pierre. Tulane University. School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine; Estados Unidos.Fil: Padilla-Raygoza, Nicolás. Universidad de Guanajuato; México.Fil: Perinatal Chagas Disease Working Group; Estados Unidos.We conducted a cross-sectional study of Chagas disease in five endemic areas in Argentina, Bolivia, Honduras, and México to estimate the prevalence of Trypanosoma cruzi–specific antibodies in pregnant women, and to assess the use of a rapid test (Chagas Stat-Pak) to screen for T. cruzi infection at the time of delivery. The prevalence of antibodies to T. cruzi measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in maternal blood was 5.5% (a range of 0.8–28.8% among the countries) in 2,495 women enrolled. Compared with ELISA in maternal blood samples, the Chagas Stat-Pak rapid test sensitivity and specificity in umbilical cord blood were 94.6% and 99.0%, respectively. These results show the ability for a rapid determination of the presence of T. cruzi–specific antibodies in umbilical cord blood as a pragmatic strategy to screen for infection in pregnant women

Efecto de los factores socioculturales en la capacidad de autocuidado del paciente hospitalizado con diabetes tipo 2

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is considered a public health problem because of its increasing prevalence and incidence. Objective: The purpose of this research is to describe the effect of socio-cultural factors on the self-care capacity of patients with type 2 diabetes who are hospitalized at the Tecomán General Hospital in Colima, Mexico. Method: This is a cross-sectional, observational study of 68 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. An instrument to measure the effect of socio-cultural factors on the capacity for self-care was used. Data analysis was conducted with the odds ratio method, confidence intervals at 95 % and attributable fraction in exposures. Results: Socio-cultural factors had a slight positive effect on the capacity for self-care among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (RM = 1.10, 95 % CI, 0.26 to 4.74). Conclusions: The socio-cultural factors outlined in the General Self-care Deficit Theory; namely, life experiences, work experiences, religion, customs and traditions, healing practices and rituals, were shown to have a positive effect on the self-care capacity of people with type 2 diabetes.Introdução: a diabete tipo 2 é considerada um problema de saúde pública por sua crescente prevalência e incidência. Objetivo: des- crever o efeito dos fatores socioculturais na capacidade de autocuidado do paciente hospitalizado com diabete tipo 2 no Hospital General de Tecomán, Colima, México. Método: estudo transversal, observacional. Trabalhou-se com 68 pacientes hospitalizados com diabete tipo 2; utilizou-se um instrumento que mediu o efeito dos fatores socioculturais na capacidade de autocuidado. A análise de dados foi realizada com Razão de Chances, intervalos de confiança de 95 % e fração atribuível em expostos. Resultados: os fatores socioculturais tiveram um leve efeito positivo na capacidade de autocuidado (RM = 1,10; IC 95 %: 0,26-4,74) em pacientes hospitalizados com diabete tipo 2. Conclusões: os fatores socioculturais, como experiências vitais, experiências laborais, religião, costumes e tradições, práticas curativas e rituais, indicados na Teoria Geral do Déficit de Autocuidado, mostram um efeito positivo sobre a capacidade de autocuidado das pessoas com diabete tipo 2.Introducción: la diabetes tipo 2 es considerada como un problema de salud pública por su creciente prevalencia e incidencia. Obje- tivo: describir el efecto de los factores socioculturales en la capacidad de autocuidado del paciente hospitalizado con diabetes tipo 2 en el Hospital General de Tecomán, Colima, México. Método: estudio transversal, observacional. Se trabajó con 68 pacientes hospitalizados con diabetes tipo 2; se utilizó un instrumento que midió el efecto de los factores socioculturales en la capacidad de autocuidado. El análisis de datos se realizó con Razón de Momios, intervalos de confianza al 95 % y fracción atribuible en expuestos. Resultados: los factores socioculturales tuvieron un leve efecto positivo en la capacidad de autocuidado (RM = 1,10; IC 95 %: 0,26-4,74) en pacientes hospitali- zados con diabetes tipo 2. Conclusiones: los factores socioculturales: experiencias vitales, experiencias laborales, religión, costumbres y tradiciones, prácticas curativas y ritos, señalados en la Teoría General del Déficit de Autocuidado, muestran un efecto positivo sobre la capacidad de autocuidado de las personas con diabetes tipo 2.

Efeito dos fatores socioculturais na capacidade de autocuidado do paciente hospitalizado com diabete tipo 2

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes is considered a public health problem because of its increasing prevalence and incidence. Objective: The purpose of this research is to describe the effect of socio-cultural factors on the self-care capacity of patients with type 2 diabetes who are hospitalized at the Tecomán General Hospital in Colima, Mexico. Method: This is a cross-sectional, observational study of 68 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. An instrument to measure the effect of socio-cultural factors on the capacity for self-care was used. Data analysis was conducted with the odds ratio method, confidence intervals at 95 % and attributable fraction in exposures. Results: Socio-cultural factors had a slight positive effect on the capacity for self-care among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes (RM = 1.10, 95 % CI, 0.26 to 4.74). Conclusions: The socio-cultural factors outlined in the General Self-care Deficit Theory; namely, life experiences, work experiences, religion, customs and traditions, healing practices and rituals, were shown to have a positive effect on the self-care capacity of people with type 2 diabetes.DOI: 10.5294/aqui.2014.14.1.1Introducción: la diabetes tipo 2 es considerada como un problema de salud pública por su creciente prevalencia e incidencia. Obje- tivo: describir el efecto de los factores socioculturales en la capacidad de autocuidado del paciente hospitalizado con diabetes tipo 2 en el Hospital General de Tecomán, Colima, México. Método: estudio transversal, observacional. Se trabajó con 68 pacientes hospitalizados con diabetes tipo 2; se utilizó un instrumento que midió el efecto de los factores socioculturales en la capacidad de autocuidado. El análisis de datos se realizó con Razón de Momios, intervalos de confianza al 95 % y fracción atribuible en expuestos. Resultados: los factores socioculturales tuvieron un leve efecto positivo en la capacidad de autocuidado (RM = 1,10; IC 95 %: 0,26-4,74) en pacientes hospitali- zados con diabetes tipo 2. Conclusiones: los factores socioculturales: experiencias vitales, experiencias laborales, religión, costumbres y tradiciones, prácticas curativas y ritos, señalados en la Teoría General del Déficit de Autocuidado, muestran un efecto positivo sobre la capacidad de autocuidado de las personas con diabetes tipo 2. DOI: 10.5294/aqui.2014.14.1.1Introdução: a diabete tipo 2 é considerada um problema de saúde pública por sua crescente prevalência e incidência. Objetivo: des- crever o efeito dos fatores socioculturais na capacidade de autocuidado do paciente hospitalizado com diabete tipo 2 no Hospital General de Tecomán, Colima, México. Método: estudo transversal, observacional. Trabalhou-se com 68 pacientes hospitalizados com diabete tipo 2; utilizou-se um instrumento que mediu o efeito dos fatores socioculturais na capacidade de autocuidado. A análise de dados foi realizada com Razão de Chances, intervalos de confiança de 95 % e fração atribuível em expostos. Resultados: os fatores socioculturais tiveram um leve efeito positivo na capacidade de autocuidado (RM = 1,10; IC 95 %: 0,26-4,74) em pacientes hospitalizados com diabete tipo 2. Conclusões: os fatores socioculturais, como experiências vitais, experiências laborais, religião, costumes e tradições, práticas curativas e rituais, indicados na Teoria Geral do Déficit de Autocuidado, mostram um efeito positivo sobre a capacidade de autocuidado das pessoas com diabete tipo 2