Assessment of groundwater potential using geospatial techniques for urbanized Mambakkam mini-watershed, Kancheepuram district, India

1856-1865Evaluation of groundwater potential and mapping using geospatial platform is crucial especially for semi-arid hard rock and coastal adjoining terrain to identify the zones of very good, good, moderate and poor groundwater potential. The Mambakkam mini watershed, Tamil Nadu (India) is situated towards the southern part of Chennai city. It is experiencing commercial development of groundwater in addition with escalating domestic and industrial demands. The present study is aimed to develop the mapping of groundwater potential zones for the selected urbanized watershed by using the remote sensing and geospatial techniques. Data like water level, water quality, rainfall, climatology and geophysical resistivity from various sources and satellite imageries have been used for this study to observe the changes on the sources of water resource system. The Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method was used for generating the thematic layers of rainfall, depth to bed rock, weathered rock, jointed rock and water levels. The generated village wise groundwater potential map has shown a vast spatial variability of ground water potential and the area that belongs to the “very good” potential category is quite less in the entire study area (12 %) which alarms the development of existing groundwater resource. The study concluded that considerable falling trend of groundwater level during pre-monsoon showing the alarming threat for further development. Thus the presented study identified the risk of groundwater development and provides guidelines to water resource mangers and village officials to recommend conservation and protection strategies against the uncontrolled commercial development especially on the identified poor groundwater potential zones

Nutritional Supplement of Hatchery Eggshell Membrane Improves Poultry Performance and Provides Resistance against Endotoxin Stress

<div><p>Eggshells are significant part of hatchery waste which consist of calcium carbonate crust, membranes, and proteins and peptides of embryonic origins along with other entrapped contaminants including microbes. We hypothesized that using this product as a nutritional additive in poultry diet may confer better immunity to the chickens in the paradigm of mammalian milk that enhances immunity. Therefore, we investigated the effect of hatchery eggshell membranes (HESM) as a short term feed supplement on growth performance and immunity of chickens under bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged condition. Three studies were conducted to find the effect of HESM supplement on post hatch chickens. In the first study, the chickens were fed either a control diet or diets containing 0.5% whey protein or HESM as supplement and evaluated at 5 weeks of age using growth, hematology, clinical chemistry, plasma immunoglobulins, and corticosterone as variables. The second and third studies were done to compare the effects of LPS on control and HESM fed birds at 5 weeks of age following at 4 and 24 h of treatment where the HESM was also sterilized with ethanol to deplete bacterial factors. HESM supplement caused weight gain in 2 experiments and decreased blood corticosterone concentrations. While LPS caused a significant loss in body weight at 24 h following its administration, the HESM supplemented birds showed significantly less body weight loss compared with the control fed birds. The WBC, heterophil/lymphocyte ratio, and the levels of IgG were low in chickens fed diets with HESM supplement compared with control diet group. LPS challenge increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine gene IL-6 but the HESM fed birds showed its effect curtailed, also, which also, favored the up-regulation of anti-inflammatory genes compared with control diet fed chickens. Post hatch supplementation of HESM appears to improve performance, modulate immunity, and increase resistance of chickens to endotoxin.</p></div

Study 3.

<p>The expression of splenic genes quantified by RT-PCR in birds fed with or without HESM and treated with LPS or saline for 4 h (n = 6).</p

Juniperus communis L. var. montana Ait.

原著和名: リシリビャクシン科名: ヒノキ科 = Cupressaceae採集地: 北海道 天塩郡 幌延町 問寒別 ヌポロマッポロ沢 (北海道 天塩 幌延町 問寒別 ヌポロマッポロ沢)採集日: 1976/6/8採集者: 萩庭丈壽整理番号: JH028685国立科学博物館整理番号: TNS-VS-97868

Hematology profiles of chickens fed control or diets containing HESM supplement and treated with LPS, Study 2 (n = 12).

<p>Hematology profiles of chickens fed control or diets containing HESM supplement and treated with LPS, Study 2 (n = 12).</p

Serum clinical chemistry variables of 5 week-old chickens fed with regular diet or the diet supplemented with 0.5% HESM, and challenged with LPS, Study 2, (n = 12).

<p>Serum clinical chemistry variables of 5 week-old chickens fed with regular diet or the diet supplemented with 0.5% HESM, and challenged with LPS, Study 2, (n = 12).</p

Serum IgG, IgM, IgA, and corticosterone levels of chickens fed regular NRC diet or diets supplemented with ethanol sterilized HESM and challenged with LPS for 24 h, Study 2 (n = 12).

<p>Serum IgG, IgM, IgA, and corticosterone levels of chickens fed regular NRC diet or diets supplemented with ethanol sterilized HESM and challenged with LPS for 24 h, Study 2 (n = 12).</p

Body weight (BW) and relative organ weights (% BW) of 35 days-old chickens fed control or sterile HESM supplement diet and treated with saline or LPS for 24 h.

<p>The results are combined from Studies 2 and 3 (n = 32–36).</p

Nitrite production at 24 h by the HTC chicken macrophage in response to treatments with LPS and HESM extracts.

<p>Bars with different alphabets are statistically different (P ≤ 0.05).</p