Nurses' perceptions of aids and obstacles to the provision of optimal end of life care in ICU

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An extraordinary breach of the Gulf Stream north wall by a cold water intrusion

parcel of cold Middle Atlantic Bight shelf water was observed from October 2 to 5, 2001 by a sequence of NOAA AVHRR sea surface temperature (SST) images. Unlike the warm/cold core rings generated by GS meanders, the path of cold water eventually cuts into the GS. Subsequently, the cold water remained intact and eventually penetrated and transversed the entire width of the GS. This is readily apparent in the 3-day SST sequence. Analysis of wind data from a nearby CMAN station reveals a high (over 12.8 m/s) and persistent (3 days) alongshore wind event occurred prior to the breach. An 11-year time series (1991–2001) of local wind measurements show that this type of strong and persistent wind situation is uncommon, which may explain why the large-scale surface shelf water breach of the GS has not been previously reported. INDEX TERMS: 4576 Oceanography

Analysis of coastal lee waves along the coast of Texas observed in advanced very high resolution radiometer images

Abstract. We examine a group of wave-like cloud patterns that occurred along the coast of Texas on a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite advanced very high resolution radiometer IR images taken on January 22, 1999. These wave-like cloud patterns were interpreted to be signatures of a coastal lee wave packet on the basis of simultaneous field observations and theories developed by Zheng et al. [1998a]. The wave packet contains 13 waves with crest lines generally parallel to the coastline. The lengths of leading wave crest lines are longer than 500 km. The average wavelength is 9.5 km, ranging from 6.2 to 14.7 km. The width of the horizontal distribution band of the wave packet is as wide as 113 km. This case represents the most energetic coastal lee wave packet that has ever been reported. 1

THE ALASKA SAR DEMONSTRATION: RADARSAT-1 EXPERIENCE AND ENVISAT PLANS

Information Service (NESDIS) ENVISAT project is focused on a pre-operational demonstration of wind and vessel position products using, predominately, the Wide-Swath Mode of the ENVISAT Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR). The necessary scientific algorithms, data management techniques, and product production and dissemination procedures are being prototyped using Canadian RADARSAT-1 SAR data. A near real-time demonstration of SAR product production, the Alaska SAR Demonstration (AKDEMO) has been underway since October 1999 for the waters surrounding Alaska. Wind speed, wind vector (with 180 degree ambiguity) and vessel position products are generated within about 6 hours of satellite acquisition and provided to operational agencies for evaluation and validation. Wind validation is accomplished by comparing SAR-derived winds with model output in Alaska and with buoy measurements from the NOAA moored meteorological buoys in the Atlantic off the U.S. East Coast. For validation of vessel positions, fishery observer reports are being paired with SAR-derived positions to ascertain vessel detection success. ENVISAT data will first be taken over the U.S. East Coast buoys to test and validate the wind algorithm. The vessel detection algorithm will be tailored for the ENVISAT ASAR imagery and tested as well. Once the algorithms ar

Profile observations of the Saharan air layer during AEROSE 2004

This paper describes 3‐hourly radiosonde observations of the Saharan air layer (SAL) acquired from the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown during the 2004 Aerosol and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE). The sampling frequency allows for unique vertical cross‐sectional analyses of SAL phenomena, including dust events detected by shipboard Sun photometers, observed during March 2004. The observational analyses provide, for the first time, a coherent, 2‐dimensional space‐time depiction of the SAL as an expansive warm, dry, stable column located above the marine boundary layer. Midlevel easterly wind maxima are also observed to occur near the leading edge of the dry layers. The AEROSE sounding data will be useful for studies of the SAL, as well as for validation of environmental satellite sensors, especially the Aqua Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)

Ship‐based measurements for infrared sensor validation during Aerosol and Ocean Science Expedition 2004

This paper describes a unique validation data set acquired from a marine intensive observing period (IOP) conducted on board the NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown (RHB) during the 2004 Aerosol and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE) in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean from 29 February to 26 March 2004. The radiometric and in situ data complement includes marine observations of the Saharan air layer (SAL), including two significant Saharan dust outbreaks over the Atlantic Ocean. Because the impact of tropospheric dust aerosols on satellite infrared (IR) radiometric observations has not yet been fully characterized, the AEROSE data are particularly valuable for IR sensor validation. Shipboard radiometric data germane to satellite validation include observations from a Marine Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (M‐AERI), a Calibrated Infrared In situ Measurement System (CIRIMS), and Microtops handheld sunphotometers. Among other things, these data provide, for the first time, coincident IR spectra of the dry, dusty SAL from both the uplooking M‐AERI and the downlooking Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on board the Aqua satellite. In situ data collected throughout the cruise include Vaisala RS80/90 radiosondes, launched ≃3‐hourly to include Aqua overpass times. The Aqua matchup profiles provide data for validation of AIRS in the presence of high dust loading, along with temperature and water vapor profile retrievals of the SAL. The frequency of sonde launches also enables validation of coincident uplooking M‐AERI boundary layer profile retrievals. Preliminary analyses of the AEROSE data are presented here. Focused AEROSE validation studies are the subjects of separate papers