The Preparation of Liposomes Derived From Mixed Micelles of Lecithin Added by Sodium Cholate, Followed by Dialysing Using Hemoflow High Flux F60S

Liposomes are used for drug carriers meaning that drugs are incorporated in the membrane or the vesicle of the liposomes. In this study, liposomes were prepared from mixed micelles, consisting of phosphatidylcholine, without or with cholesterol and sodium cholate was added in several ratios namely 0.44; 0.55; 0.63; 0.70; 0.90 and 1.10. After the preparation, the sodium cholate has been removed by a dialysis membrane, using the Hemoflow High Flux, which is generally used for haemodialysis. The Hemoflow High Flux is a tool in an effort to obtain a simple, quick, effective method for removing sodium cholate in the process of preparing liposomes. The effectiveness of this tool was proved by the particle size of the liposome which was measured by the Malvern Particle Sizer. The particle size of the liposome consisting of phosphatidylcholine (PC) without cholesterol and with cholesterol was 63-68 nm at all ratios and approximately 125 nm at the ratio of 0.55; 0.63; 0.70, respectively. The particle size of the liposome tended to be smaller after dialyzing, although the concentration of lipids tended to increase. However, a large amount of buffer solution has to be used with this method

POTENCY OF Γ-ORYZANOL-RICH BLACK RICE BRAN (ORYZA SATIVA L. INDICA) EXTRACT FOR TYROSINASE INHIBITION

Objective: The objectives of this study were to quantify γ-oryzanol in an ethanolic extract of Oryza sativa L. Indica (black rice) bran and to evaluate its activity as a tyrosinase inhibitor. Methods: Black rice bran was extracted via maceration in 96% ethanol, and the γ-oryzanol concentration in the extract was measured through high-performance liquid chromatography. The applicability of the extract as a skin lightening agent was determined by evaluating its tyrosinase inhibition activity. Results: The dry rice bran contained 118.572 mg/g of γ-oryzanol, and the extract inhibited tyrosinase activity at an IC50 of 74.8%. Conclusion: The black rice bran extract was sufficiently potent for use in skin lightening formulations

IMPACT OF ZOLEDRONATE BISPHOSPHONATE GEL IN VIRGIN COCONUT OIL ON THE INCREASE OF OSTEOCLAST APOPTOSIS

Objective: This study aimed to show the impact of the ZOL in VCO gel (Ge-ZOL) on the extent of osteoclasts apoptosis.Methods: The study used 27 Sprague-Dawley rats which were divided into three groups: Nine rats in the experimental group were given 40 µg of Ge-ZOL, nine rats in the control group were given VCO emulsion gel without ZOL (Ge-), and nine rats in the normal group were not given any treatment. The gel was applied to the buccal mucosa using a cotton bud for 2 min at hour of 0, 4, and 8 on days 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. The rats were sacrificed on days 1, 3, and 5, and then, evaluated by immunohistochemical caspase-3 staining.Result: The number of apoptotic osteoclast cells in the experimental group was significantly higher than in the control and normal groups (p<0.05). The number of apoptotic osteoclast cells in the experimental group on the day 1 was significantly higher than on the days 3 and 5 (p<0.001).Conclusion: The application of Ge-ZOL to the buccal mucosa proven to improve the number of apoptotic osteoclast cells in the experimental group on the day 1, and this number was higher than on the days 3 and 5

Lembar kerja siswa matematika berbasis etnomatematika setting historical K.H Ahmad Dahlan di Sekolah Dasar

The purpose of this study was to produce Student Worksheets (LKS) with K.H. Ahmad Dahlan historical settings for fourth grade students at SD and declared fit for use. The development model used in this research is the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) development model. Data collection techniques in this study were carried out by documentation, interviews and questionnaires. The instruments used in this study were validation sheets for material experts, media experts, cultural experts and practicality sheets for teachers. The results showed that the developed worksheets the valid criteria with a score of 3.57. The effectiveness criteria cannot be measured because of the Covid 19 virus which causes students to carry out learning online. Practicality criteria are also fulfilled and got a score of 3.93 with good criteria. Based on assessments by material experts, media experts, cultural experts and filling in practicality sheets by the teacher, the products developed are declared valid and practical

PENGARUH MATA KULIAH KEWIRAUSAHAAN TERHADAP MINAT BERWIRAUSAHA MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN EKONOMI PPAPK FKIP UNTAN PONTIANAK

AbstractThis study aim is to learn how much the influence of entrepreneurship course towards interest in entrepreneurship for economics education student in FKIP UNTAN Pontianak. The research method used is an explanatory method with a form of causality research. The object source of this research is from PPAPK Semester IV economic education students and the form of data in this study is a questionnair, guidelines and results of interviews with lecturers of entrepreneurship courses. The results of research showed that the influence of entrepreneurship courses on the interest of student entrepreneurship was 52%, which meant that the entrepreneurial course is  "Rather Strong " affected the interest of student entrepreneurs.  Keywords: Entrepreneurship Course, Interest In Entrepreneursip Student, Economics Educatio

A Double-blind, Randomized Controlled Trial of Ciplukan (Physalis angulata Linn) Extract on Skin Fibrosis, Inflammatory, Immunology, and Fibrosis Biomarkers in Scleroderma Patients

Background: scleroderma is an autoimmune disease characterized by organ fibrosis, resistant to standard treatment. It is suspected the addition of Physalis angulata Linn. (Ciplukan) extract as adjuvant therapy can improve the scleroderma skin fibrosis. The aim at this study is to evaluate the effect of ciplukan extract as adjuvant on scleroderma skin fibrosis in standard therapy, based on modified Rodnan skin scale (MRSS), inflammatory biomarkers, immunology and serum fibrosis. Methods: double-blind, randomized clinical trial was performed in scleroderma patients with stable disease at Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital and Hasan Sadikin hospital during November 2015−March 2017 who met the selection criteria and continued to receive standard therapy. The subjects were randomly allocated into two groups: the study group received the ciplukan  extract 3 x 250 mg / day for 12 weeks and the placebo group. Examination of MRSS, ESR, P1NP, BAFF and sCD40L was performed every 4 weeks until the end of the study. Results: fifty-nine subjects completed the study. They consisted of 29 subjects of the treatment group and 30 of the placebo group, with an average age of 41 (SD 9) years, the proportion of women: male = 9 : 1. There was a significant improvement of skin fibrosis in the study group with a highly significant decrease in MRSS (35.9% VS 6.3%, p <0.001) and a relative decrease in P1NP levels (17.8% VS 0.7%, p = 0.002). No decrease in ESR, BAFF and sCD40L levels in both groups. There was a weak but significant positive correlation between MRSS with P1NP levels (r = 0.236, p = 0.036). Conclusion: Ciplukan extract with dose 3 x 250 mg for 12 weeks as adjuvant on scleroderma standard therapy alleviates skin fibrosis significantly based on MRSS and P1NP levels

Kajian Teknik Pemipilan Jagung di Dusun Pakis, Dlingo, Bantul, DI Yogyakarta

Pemipilan merupakan bagian dari penanganan pascapanen jagung. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji beberapa teknik pemipilan jagung. Pengkajian dilaksanakan di Dusun Pakis II, Bantul pada bulan Januari – Desember 2016. Metode pengkajian adalah survey dan eksperimen. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah karakteristik petani dan kinerja alat pemipil. Bahan berupa jagung yang ditanam petani setempat. Alat pemipil bersifat semi mekanis dan mekanis/mesin. Pengkajian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) 2 faktor, yaitu teknik pemipilan dan varietas jagung. Teknik pemipilan ada 3 taraf, yaitu pemipilan dengan tangan, alat semi mekanis dan alat mekanis. Varietas yang digunakan yaitu BISI 2, Super Asia Gold dan lokal. Ulangan sebanyak 3 kali. Parameter mutu berupa kadar air, kadar butir rusak, kadar butir pecah dan kadar kotoran. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas pemipilan untuk BISI 2 adalah 24,90 kg/jam(manual), 62,48 kg/jam (semi mekanis), 201,87 kg/jam (mesin); Super Asia Gold sebesar 16,71 kg/jam (manual), 39,55 kg/jam (semi mekanis) dan 192,69 kg/jam (mesin); Jagung lokal 11,71 kg/jam (manual), 19,61 kg/jam (semi mekanis), dan 188,81 kg/jam (mesin). Rendemen pemipilan untuk BISI 2 sebesar 84,97 % (manual), 75,06 % (semi mekanis) dan 64,99 % (mesin); Super Asia Gold sebesar 88,91 % (manual), 80,43 % (semi mekanis), dan 66,13 % (mesin); jagung lokal 80,39 % (manual), 69,71 % (semi mekanis) dan 74,99 % (mesin). Efisiensi pemipilan untuk BISI 2 sebesar 100% (manual), 85,70 % (semi mekanis), dan 52,99 % (mesin); Jagung Super Asia Gold sebesar 100 % (manual), 87,93 % (semi mekanis) dan 14 % (mesin). Jagung lokal sebesar 100 % (manual), 83,23 % (semi mekanis) dan 77,29 % (mesin). Kelas mutu jagung dengan cara manual adalah kelas I, sedangkan cara semi mekanis dan mesin adalah kelas II dan kelas III.

Kajian Teknik Pemipilan Jagung di Dusun Pakis, Dlingo, Bantul, DI Yogyakarta

Pemipilan merupakan bagian dari penanganan pascapanen jagung. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji beberapa teknik pemipilan jagung. Pengkajian dilaksanakan di Dusun Pakis II, Bantul pada bulan Januari – Desember 2016. Metode pengkajian adalah survey dan eksperimen. Data yang dikumpulkan adalah karakteristik petani dan kinerja alat pemipil. Bahan berupa jagung yang ditanam petani setempat. Alat pemipil bersifat semi mekanis dan mekanis/mesin. Pengkajian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) 2 faktor, yaitu teknik pemipilan dan varietas jagung. Teknik pemipilan ada 3 taraf, yaitu pemipilan dengan tangan, alat semi mekanis dan alat mekanis. Varietas yang digunakan yaitu BISI 2, Super Asia Gold dan lokal. Ulangan sebanyak 3 kali. Parameter mutu berupa kadar air, kadar butir rusak, kadar butir pecah dan kadar kotoran. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas pemipilan untuk BISI 2 adalah 24,90 kg/jam(manual), 62,48 kg/jam (semi mekanis), 201,87 kg/jam (mesin); Super Asia Gold sebesar 16,71 kg/jam (manual), 39,55 kg/jam (semi mekanis) dan 192,69 kg/jam (mesin); Jagung lokal 11,71 kg/jam (manual), 19,61 kg/jam (semi mekanis), dan 188,81 kg/jam (mesin). Rendemen pemipilan untuk BISI 2 sebesar 84,97 % (manual), 75,06 % (semi mekanis) dan 64,99 % (mesin); Super Asia Gold sebesar 88,91 % (manual), 80,43 % (semi mekanis), dan 66,13 % (mesin); jagung lokal 80,39 % (manual), 69,71 % (semi mekanis) dan 74,99 % (mesin). Efisiensi pemipilan untuk BISI 2 sebesar 100% (manual), 85,70 % (semi mekanis), dan 52,99 % (mesin); Jagung Super Asia Gold sebesar 100 % (manual), 87,93 % (semi mekanis) dan 14 % (mesin). Jagung lokal sebesar 100 % (manual), 83,23 % (semi mekanis) dan 77,29 % (mesin). Kelas mutu jagung dengan cara manual adalah kelas I, sedangkan cara semi mekanis dan mesin adalah kelas II dan kelas III.

Efek Antioksidan Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Acalypha Indica dan Centella Asiatica pada Fungsi Hati Tikus Pascahipoksia Sistemik

Hipoksia adalah defisiensi suplai oksigen ke dalam sel atau jaringan karena gagalnya sistem respirasi yang membawa oksigen sehingga mengakibatkan kerusakan jaringan. Hati merupakan organ yang sensitif terhadap hipoksia. Tanaman Acalypha indica dan Centella asiatica memiliki efek antioksidan dan dapat melindungi banyak organ dari hipoksia. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh pemberian kombinasi ekstrak etanol A.indica dan C.asiatica pascahipoksia sistemik terhadap fungsi hati, stres oksidatif dan aktivitas antioksidan hati. Sebanyak 28 tikus spraquedawley dibagi secara acak menjadi 7 kelompok. Kelompok kontrol adalah perlakuan tanpa hipoksia, perlakuan enam kelompok lainnya pascahipoksia 7 hari diberikan zat uji sebagai berikut: air, kombinasi dosis 1 dan 2, dosis tunggal A.indica, dosis tunggal C. asiatica dan dosis tunggal vitamin C selama 7 hari. Parameter yang diukur adalah aktivitas ALT dan AST, kadar MDA, rasio GSH/GSSG. Tidak ada perbedaan aktivitas ALT dan AST yang bermakna pada semua kelompok. Kadar MDA meningkat pada kelompok pascahipoksia 7 hari dibanding kontrol (p=0,007). Kelompok kombinasi 1 memiliki MDA yang rendah, rasio GSH/GSSG dan aktivitas SOD yang meningkat dibandingkan kelompok pascahipoksia 7 hari. Pemberian zat uji kombinasi 1 memiliki efek perlindungan pada hati tikus terhadap pascahipoksia 7 hari melalui mekanisme stres oksidatif dan antioksidan