Tamil Silappathikaram and the Greek Argonautica and Medea 2013; Comparative Literary Mythological Studies on Characterising and the Philosophy of Fate and Chastity

Epics Argonautica and Medea were written in the Greek language a nd the epic Silappathikaram was written in the Tamil language Even though these epics were written in two different languages both mention the Kingdom of Pandion More than that the epics in both these languages exhibit heroism one in a pair proficiency of music extreme affection for husband and the theory of fate and chastity Above all they also mention about their foreign trade contacts The Greek myth mentioned about the lack of clarity in the sorrow happenings and it authorised the house of the God which is not understandable The Tamil philosophy mentions that according to the action of the individual he or she gets happiness or sorrow So the reason for the sorrow is not in the hands of the God as in Greek but with the human being onesel

The Ancient Sea Trade of the Hebrews with Tamil Nadu, India with Reference to the Biblical Word ‘Thukkiyyim’ [Peacock]

A living thing called thukkiyyim is mentioned in the Hebrew bible which was imported from the foreign land through sea There are some difference of opinion in the translation of this word and some of them translated this word as parrot and others as peacock The peacock is a bird named for its colourful long feathers that lives in India Besides Sanskrit and Tamil are the two classical languages of India The scholars have difference of opinion between these two languages in the origin of the word thukkiyyim Some of them finalized that it is derived from the Tamil word Thogai means hanging tail In recent times in the European languages this bird is called as peacock The etymologist has mentioned that the word peacock is derived from the middle English language from the pe- that is from Old English p a But in Tamil the feathers of the peacock were called as p le This has resemblance with the Hebrew word pe -le means wonderful as the feathers of the peacock is also wonderful It clearly shows the root of the English word peacock is nothing but the Hebrew word pe -le with reference to the Tamil language of Tamil Nadu from where the peacock was exported to Hebrew land The reason for importing of peacock has no references in Hebrew text but has evidences in Tamil tex

Modulation of human JAK-STAT pathway signaling by functionally conserved regulators

Both the core JAK-STAT pathway components and their in vivo roles have been widely conserved between vertebrates and invertebrate models such as Drosophila melanogaster. Misregulation of JAK-STAT pathway activity has also been identified as a key factor in the development of multiple human malignancies. Recently, whole genome RNA interference (RNAi) screens in cultured Drosophila cells have identified both positively and negatively acting JAK-STAT pathway regulators. Here, we describe the analysis of 73 human genes representing homologs of 56 Drosophila genes originally identified by genome-wide RNAi screening as regulators of JAK-STAT signaling. Using assays for human STAT1 and STAT3 protein levels and phosphorylation status, as well as assays measuring the expression of endogenous STAT1 and STAT3 transcriptional targets, we have tested siRNAs targeting these 73 human genes and have identified potential JAK-STAT pathway regulatory roles in 69 (95%) of these. The genes identified represent a wide range of human JAK-STAT pathway regulators and include genes not previously known to modulate this signaling cascade. These results underline the value of model system based approaches for the identification of pathway regulators and have led to the identification of loci whose misregulation may ultimately be implicated in JAK-STAT pathway-mediated human disease

Sphingolipid-induced bone regulation and its emerging role in dysfunction due to disease and infection

The human skeleton is a metabolically active system that is constantly regenerating via the tightly regulated and highly coordinated processes of bone resorption and formation. Emerging evidence reveals fascinating new insights into the role of sphingolipids, including sphingomyelin, sphingosine, ceramide, and sphingosine-1-phosphate, in bone homeostasis. Sphingolipids are a major class of highly bioactive lipids able to activate distinct protein targets including, lipases, phosphatases, and kinases, thereby conferring distinct cellular functions beyond energy metabolism. Lipids are known to contribute to the progression of chronic inflammation, and notably, an increase in bone marrow adiposity parallel to elevated bone loss is observed in most pathological bone conditions, including aging, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and osteomyelitis. Of the numerous classes of lipids that form, sphingolipids are considered among the most deleterious. This review highlights the important primary role of sphingolipids in bone homeostasis and how dysregulation of these bioactive metabolites appears central to many chronic bone-related diseases. Further, their contribution to the invasion, virulence, and colonization of both viral and bacterial host cell infections is also discussed. Many unmet clinical needs remain, and data to date suggest the future use of sphingolipid-targeted therapy to regulate bone dysfunction due to a variety of diseases or infection are highly promising. However, deciphering the biochemical and molecular mechanisms of this diverse and extremely complex sphingolipidome, both in terms of bone health and disease, is considered the next frontier in the field

Effect of yoghurt containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12® on faecal excretion of secretory immunoglobulin A and human beta-defensin 2 in healthy adult volunteers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Probiotics are used to provide health benefits. The present study tested the effect of a probiotic yoghurt on faecal output of beta-defensin and immunoglobulin A in a group of young healthy women eating a defined diet.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>26 women aged 18-21 (median 19) years residing in a hostel were given 200 ml normal yoghurt every day for a week, followed by probiotic yoghurt containing <it>Bifidobacterium lactis </it>Bb12^®(10⁹in 200 ml) for three weeks, followed again by normal yoghurt for four weeks. Stool samples were collected at 0, 4 and 8 weeks and assayed for immunoglobulin A and human beta-defensin-2 by ELISA. All participants tolerated both normal and probiotic yoghurt well. Human beta-defensin-2 levels in faeces were not altered during the course of the study. On the other hand, compared to the basal sample, faecal IgA increased during probiotic feeding (P = 0.0184) and returned to normal after cessation of probiotic yoghurt intake.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>Bifidobacterium lactis </it>Bb12^®increased secretory IgA output in faeces. This property may explain the ability of probiotics to prevent gastrointestinal and lower respiratory tract infections.</p

Synthetic Associations Are Unlikely to Account for Many Common Disease Genome-Wide Association Signals

Synthetic associations have been posited as a possible explanation for missing heritability in complex disease. We show several lines of evidence which suggest that, while possible, these synthetic associations are not common

Endocrine disruptors and obesity

The purpose of this review is to summarise current evidence that some environmental chemicals may be able to interfere in endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and adipose tissue structure. Recent findings demonstrate that such endocrine disrupting chemicals, termed “obesogens”, can promote adipogenesis and cause weight gain. This includes compounds to which the human population is exposed in daily life through their use in pesticides/herbicides, industrial and household products, plastics, detergents, flame retardants and ingredients in personal care products. Animal models and epidemiological studies have shown that an especially sensitive time for exposure is in utero or the neonatal period. In summarising the actions of obesogens, it is noteworthy that as their structures are mainly lipophilic, their ability to increase fat deposition has the added consequence of increasing the capacity for their own retention. This has the potential for a vicious spiral not only of increasing obesity but also increasing retention of other lipophilic pollutant chemicals with an even broader range of adverse actions. This might offer an explanation as to why obesity is an underlying risk factor for so many diseases including cancer