CRANIAL OSTEOLOGY OF CYCLARHIS GUJANENSIS (AVES: VIREONIDAE)

The small passerine Cyclaris gujanensis can tear into small pieces large or heavy-bodied preys that could not be swallowed whole such as frogs, snakes, bats and birds. However there are few studies on the cranial anatomy of this species. Thus, we focused on the description of the cranial osteology to contribute to the anatomical knowledge of this species and to make some assumptions about functional anatomy. The fossa temporalis is shallow but broad and the fossa of os palatinum is deepened. The os quadratum processes are long and thick. The os pterygoideum is enlarged and the upper jaw is strongly inclined ventrally (140°) with reference to the skull. The rostral extremity of rhamphotheca is hooked with ventral concavity to fit the mandible (pincer form). The mandible fossae are deepened and broad and its bulky medial process probably provides mandible stability and strong support to the muscles attached on it. All these peculiar characteristics probably indicate a considerable force in the C. gujanensis jaws and partially explain its distinctive feeding habit compared with the other Vireonidae. Nevertheless, new studies with functional approaches to analysis the forces of the muscle fibers and the cranial kinesis are needed to prove the hypotheses mentioned above.O pitiguari (Cyclarhis gujanensis) é um pequeno vireonídeo com uma ampla variedade de presas, capaz inclusive de dilacerar presas maiores, como lagartos, morcegos e aves. No entanto, são escassos os estudos sobre morfologia craniana desta espécie, e, motivados pela sua maneira particular de alimentação, objetivou-se descrever a osteologia craniana para contribuir com os conhecimentos anatômicos dessa espécie, além de discutir alguns aspectos morfofuncionais relacionados à sua alimentação. A fossa temporal é ampla, porém pouco profunda, já o osso palatino apresentou fossas profundas. Os processos do osso quadrado são longos e espessos. O os pterygoideum é robusto e a maxila superior é fortemente inclinada (140°) em relação ao crânio. A extremidade rostral da ranfoteca é curvada acentuadamente, com formato côncavo em sua porção ventral para se encaixar com a mandíbula (forma de pinça). A mandíbula possui, além de fossas amplas e profundas, um processo medial bastante desenvolvido, que provavelmente dá suporte aos músculos que movimentam as maxilas. Tais características peculiares na osteologia craniana de C. gujanensis, poderiam explicar parcialmente o seu hábito alimentar diferenciado quando comparado com outros Vireonidae. Porém, novos estudos, com abordagens funcionais, cinese craniana e análises da força das fibras musculares da mandíbula são necessários para comprovar as afirmações mencionadas acima

CRANIAL OSTEOLOGY OF CYCLARHIS GUJANENSIS (AVES: VIREONIDAE)

The small passerine Cyclaris gujanensis can tear into small pieces large or heavy-bodied preys that could not be swallowed whole such as frogs, snakes, bats and birds. However there are few studies on the cranial anatomy of this species. Thus, we focused on the description of the cranial osteology to contribute to the anatomical knowledge of this species and to make some assumptions about functional anatomy. The fossa temporalis is shallow but broad and the fossa of os palatinum is deepened. The os quadratum processes are long and thick. The os pterygoideum is enlarged and the upper jaw is strongly inclined ventrally (140°) with reference to the skull. The rostral extremity of rhamphotheca is hooked with ventral concavity to fit the mandible (pincer form). The mandible fossae are deepened and broad and its bulky medial process probably provides mandible stability and strong support to the muscles attached on it. All these peculiar characteristics probably indicate a considerable force in the C. gujanensis jaws and partially explain its distinctive feeding habit compared with the other Vireonidae. Nevertheless, new studies with functional approaches to analysis the forces of the muscle fibers and the cranial kinesis are needed to prove the hypotheses mentioned above