How Educators Can Eradicate Disparities in School Discipline: A Briefing Paper on School-Based Interventions

The number of students issued suspensions in U.S. schools continues to be extremely high, resulting in thousands of students missing school every day. Simultaneously,disparities in school suspension continue to worsen, indicating that students in some groups are missing school far more often and disproportionately(particularly, boys, African American students, students with disabilities, and in some regions, Latino and American Indian students). These disparities are also true of referrals to law enforcement and school-based arrests nationwide. According to recent data collected by the Department of Education's Office for Civil Rights, students of color made up 75% of referrals to law enforcement and 79% of schoolbased arrests, even while students of color comprise 39% of the nation's public school population.Punitive school discipline matters tremendously to the educational opportunity of young people: New knowledge on school discipline shows that even a single suspension or a single referral to the juvenile court system increases the odds of low achievement and dropping out of school altogether. Moreover, research shows that schools and educators -- not just students themselves -- make a difference in how discipline is meted out

OGG, FREDERIC AUSTIN. European Gov ernments and Politics. 2nd Ed. Pp. viii, 936. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1939. $4.25

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67080/2/10.1177_000271624020900168.pd

U. W. KITZINGER. German Electoral Poli tics : A Study of the 1957 Campaign Pp. ix, 365. New York: Oxford University Press, 1960. $7.20

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67905/2/10.1177_000271626033100170.pd

LUDWIG DEHIO. Germany and World Poli tics in the Twentieth Century. Trans lated by Dieter Pevsner. Pp. 141. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1959. $4.00

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68082/2/10.1177_000271625932500153.pd

US Army Soldier-Artists in Vietnam (CAT IV, 15 August to 31 December, 1967)

From August 1966 through 1970 the US Army sent teams of artists into Vietnam to record their experiences as soldier artists. In 1967, Private First Class Jim Pollock was sent to Vietnam as a soldier artist on US Army Vietnam Combat Art Team IV from Aug. 15 to Dec. 31 1967

Modern Spiritualism Briefly Tested By Scripture

https://place.asburyseminary.edu/ecommonsatsdigitalresources/1153/thumbnail.jp

The emergence of the Roman politically interventionist legion in 88 BC : an integrated theory

The conventional explanation, ancient and modern, for the emergence for the first time of the politically interventionist legion in the Roman Republic's history outside the southern Italian city of Nola in 88 BC, rests primarily on the idea that soldiers intervened in politics because of pecuniary self-interest: that is, what they could materially gain from the arrangement. According to this perspective, a mercenary spirit had infected the late-republican citizen-militia which was subsequently exploited by insurrectionist generals such as L. Cornelius Sulla. This was largely possible because C. Marius in 107 BC abolished the traditional timocratic underpinnings of republican military service by allowing the previously-ineligible poor into the army, making pecuniary self-interest the dominant motivation for service in late-republican armies. In isolation and out of context, however, this is an unsatisfactory explanation for intervention. Soldiers had always expected to profit from war: this was a factor in 88 BC, but it was not the new, critical ingredient of late-republican military service that led to large-scale political intervention. Marius' 107 BC recruitment reform did not change the demographic makeup of the army, and the poor had always been represented in service in large numbers without this previously leading to insurrectionist or mercenary armies that were a danger to the state. Instead, Sulla's soldiers intervened for a range of other factors. A process of desensitisation to the risk of fighting fellow citizens, the citizen-militia's tradition of insubordination in political cause and as a forum for the redress of personal grievance, and the pernicious influence of contemporary endemic violence on Roman political discourse - along with the desire to profit from war - all played their part in persuading the army to support Sulla's sedition. In the background, too, was confusion among Sulla's soldiers over who legitimately represented the state. This confusion allowed Sulla to reinforce his credentials to legitimacy, reinforcing the soldiers' decision to help him. There was thus no single economic motive dominating the explanation for intervention. Rather, all these factors acted in unison, and on that day outside Nola in 88 BC, together they proved decisive. For the Republic, it meant that the emergence of the politically interventionist legion, and its subsequent persistent presence in late-republican political dynamics, was all but inevitable

ROCKET-BORNE LOW ENERGY ION MEASUREMENTS IN SPACE

A capped hemisphere electrostatic analyzer has been developed for the purpose of performing detailed studies of charged particle distributions in space from sounding rocket platforms. This instrument employs micro channel plate detectors in conjunction with a linear resistive anode to carry out angular imaging, by resistive charge division, of particle arrivals. Two such instruments, capable of supplying 64 x 32 angle-energy positive ion distributions every $\sim1$ second were flown on two separate high latitude sounding rockets in February, 1985, from Sondre Stromfjord, Greenland. One of these two rockets featured an active ion beam experiment whereby 200 eV/q Ar\sp{+} ions were injected into the ionospheric plasma from a separated sub payload in broad (\sim60\sp\circ FWHM) beams directed alternately either parallel to or perpendicular to the geomagnetic field. Ion fluxes associated with beam operations were observed on the main payload out to a main/sub payload separation distance of nearly 1 km. Several distinct ion populations are identified, based on their energy/pitch angle characteristics and the existence of ion fluxes at unexpected energies and pitch angles is demonstrated and discussed in light of current understanding of these types of beam-plasma systems. The ion flux signatures of parallel versus perpendicular beam injections are compared and contrasted

Doctor of Philosophy

dissertationSince pioneering work in the early 1990s, supramolecular coordination complexes (SCCs) have attracted attention from researchers because complex, discrete systems can readily be self-assembled from highly symmetric, complementary molecular subunits that display a high-level of modularity and fidelity. Classically, in the Stang lab, SCCs are synthesized using bis(phosphine) platinum(II) metal nodes and rigid, pyridyl-based organic ligands. Flexible SCCs, however, are very rare and are attractive for host-guest applications due to their fluid cavity sizes and shapes that can autonomously adapt to specific substrates. Utilizing a recently developed methodology for constructing multicomponent SCCs that exploits the electronic nature of the coordinating ligands and platinum metal center, a series of 2D and 3D flexible SCCs was synthesized using alkylbased dicarboxylic acid and pyridyl-based subunits. Moreover, insight into the thermodynamic preference for the coordination motif was explored using computational methods, which was determined to originate from orbital effects in conjunction with shape complementarily and electrostatic effects. Platinum-based SCCs have been proposed for photon emitting applications due to the assumed preservation of the unique and attractive photophysical properties of known mononuclear platinum complexes. However, reports on the photophysical properties of platinum-based SCCs are rare, which severely limits their utility. Platinum-based SCCs that display low-energy optical transitions, have high quantum yields, and are readily tunable need to be developed if they are to fulfill this purpose. Using aniline-based core scaffolds, a series of SCCs that emit above 500 nm with quantum yields greater than 20% was synthesized. Utilizing computational methods, the nature of the observed optical transitions were determined to arise from n-type molecular orbitals that are ligand centered with modest contributions from the metal center. By functionalizing the periphery of the aniline-based core scaffolds, a series of rhomboidal-shaped SCCs was synthesized that emit from 500 to 600 nm. The low-energy absorption and emission band of the series was determined to be tunable in a predictive manner by altering the Hammett sigma constants of the peripheral functional group. This dissertation describes our investigations into bis(phosphine) platinum(II) SCCs. In particular, a novel series of flexible SCCs was synthesized and the construction method was probed via molecular modeling. Then, a series of highly emissive endohedral functionalized SCCs is described, characterized, and investigated via computational methods. Model complexes were synthesized to further investigate the nature of the observed photophysical properties for the endohedral functionalized SCCs, culminating with a series of SCCs that displayed facile tunability in a predictive manner with emission profiles spanning the visible spectral window

PROBLEMS OF PRACTICE: CANADIAN CASES IN LEADERSHIP AND POLIC

This special issue is dedicated to case teaching in the Canadian context. It features a case study approach that is designed to help those who train aspiring and current administrators. Written by academics, graduate students, principals, higher education instructors, and education consultants, the cases are intended to be employed by program developers, trainers of leaders, and university instructors to assist education leaders to interrogatetheir leadership practices, develop new leadership skills and knowledge, and consider alternative practices, solutions, and possibilities to current problems of practice