ZRELI EMBRIJ KAO POLAZNI MATERIJAL ZA UČINKOVIT POTICAJ REGENERACIJE KOD SIRKA (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.)

Efficient plant regeneration is a prerequisite for a complete genetic transformation protocol in cereals. Aiming this, in the present study, we have accomplished efficient plant regeneration using mature embryos as a source material in Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Although immature inflorescence and immature embryos are best explant sources for in vitro culture in Sorghum, however they are available only for a limited period in a year. Mature embryos have always been ideal for in vitro studies for the reason that they can be handled easily over other explants and available throughout the year. Mature embryo explants of Sorghum bicolor genotypes viz. IS 3566, SPV 475, CSV13, CSV15, CSV112, IS 348 were cultured on MS medium for efficient callus induction and subsequent plant regeneration. The response of different combination and concentrations of plant growth regulators were compared, and factors affecting the mature embryo tissue culture response were studied in this manuscript. Significant genotypic differentiation was detected in embryogenic callus induction and plantlet regeneration. Genotype IS 3566 showed better tissue culture response than the other genotypes. Efficient embryogenic callus induction was achieved with 2mg l-1 2, 4,5- Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and multiple shoot induction was achieved by manipulation of 6-benzyl adenine (BAP), Thidiazuron (TDZ), and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the culture medium.Učinkovita regeneracija kod biljaka preduvjet je za potpun transformacijski protokol kod žitarica. Ovim istraživanjem izvedena je uspješna regeneracija biljaka korištenjem zrelih embrija sirka Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. kao polaznog materijala. Cvjetovi i nezreli embriji najbolji su za eksplantaciju in vitro kulture sirka, ali poteškoće se javljaju jer su oni dostupni samo u određenom dijelu godine. Zreli embriji su oduvijek bili idealni za in vitro istraživanja iz razloga što se njima puno lakše rukuje u odnosu na druge eksplatante, a dostupni su tijekom cijele godine. Zreli eksplatanti sirka genotipova IS 3566, SPV 475, CSV13, CSV15, CSV112 i IS 348 kultivirani su na MS mediju za stvaranje učinkovitog kalusa i naknadnu regeneraciju. U istraživanjima su testirane razne kombinacije i koncentracije regulatora rasta te faktori koji utječu na tkivo zrelog embrija. Uočene su značajne genotipske razlike kod indukcije embrionalnog kalusa i regeneracije biljaka. Genotip IS 3566 pokazao je bolje rezultate u kulturi tkiva od ostalih genotipa. Učinkovita indukcije embrionalnog kalusa postignuta je s 2mg l-1 2, 4,5- Triklorfenoksioctenom kiselinom (2,4,5-T) i višestrukim dozama indukcije koje su postignute korištenjem 6-benzyl adenina (BAP), Thidiazurona (TDZ) i Indol-3-octenom kiselinom (IAA) u mediju kulture

Perbandingan Desain dan Pemodelan Tangan Robot Lima Jari sebagai Sistem Underactuated

Arm robot manipulator adalah jenis robot yang paling banyak digunakan, dan bagian terpenting dari arm robot manipulator ini adalah end-effector. Walaupun pada banyak aplikasi di industri, end-effector dibuat sesederhana mungkin, pada beberapa aplikasi seperti prosthetic arm diperlukan end-effector yang menyerupai tangan manusia. Paper ini membahas perbandingan desain dan pemodelan tangan robot 5 jari, mulai dari penurunan model kinematis sampai pemilihan sistem kendali yang paling tepat untuk mengatasi batasan underactuated system. Dari studi literatur ini, dapat dilihat model kinematis sangat penting untuk mendapatkan persamaan yang paling mendekati sistem mekanis yang ada dan untuk kemudian akan mendapatkan desain sistem kendali yang paling tepat. Untuk mengatasi batasan underactuated system, maka digunakan penggerak pasif seperti spring, oleh karena itu pengaplikasian Impedance Control adalah paling tepat dengan menggunakan tambahan spring damper virtual

Optical phonons in isotope superlattices of GaAs, GaP, and GaSb studied by Raman scattering

We have investigated the LO-phonon Raman spectra of [100] oriented gallium isotope superlattices (69GaX)n(71GaX)n [X=P,As; both elements have a single stable isotope] at low temperature. When the number of monolayers 2n within one superlattice (SL) unit cell is varied, anticrossings between phonons confined in the 69GaX and 71GaX layers are observed. We have used a planar bond-charge model to calculate the frequencies and intensities of the modes as a function of layer thickness. For the GaP isotope SL’s, we find that a simulation of isotopically mixed interface layers is in good agreement with the experiment, while the assumption of ideal interfaces does not reproduce the data well. Spectra from the GaAs isotope SL’s are substantially broadened compared to the LO phonon width in bulk samples, thus allowing only a qualitative discussion of phonon-confinement effects. Predictions for GaSb isotope SL’s, in which both Ga and Sb isotopes can be substituted, are given. Raman spectra of bulk GaAs with varying gallium-isotope ratio are also discussed.Peer reviewe

Self‐assembled quantum dots of InSb grown on InP by atomic layer molecular beam epitaxy: Morphology and strain relaxation

Self-organized InSb dots grown by atomic layer molecular beam epitaxy on InP substrates have been characterized by atomic force and transmission electron microscopy. Measurement of high-energy electron diffraction during the growth indicates a Stransky–Krastanov growth mode beyond the onset of 1.4 InSb monolayer ~ML! deposition. The dots obtained after a total deposition of 5 and 7 ML of InSb present a truncated pyramidal morphology with rectangular base oriented along the ^110& directions, elongated towards the @110# direction with $111$113%/$114$111%A lateral facets in @11 ¯ 0# views, and ~001! flat top surfaces. The mismatch between the dot and the substrate has been accommodated by a network of 90° misfit dislocation at the interface. A corrugation of the InP substrate surrounding the dot has been also observedThis work has been funded by the Spanish CICYT Project MAT95-0966.Peer reviewe

Illuminating extracellular nanovesicles through the spectroscopic lens:a mini review of cutting-edge insights and emerging applications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived particles that facilitate intercellular communication by carrying bioactive molecules like proteins and RNA, impacting both health and disease. Herein, the EVs' significance in physiological and pathological processes is reviewed, emphasising their potential as biomarkers for diseases including for instance, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular conditions. The principles and applications of Raman spectroscopy (RS) - a powerful tool offering detailed molecular insights into EVs, are further examined. The non-destructive nature of this spectroscopic technique renders it invaluable for studying the molecular composition, purity and concentration of EVs. When EVs are isolated from accessible biofluids such as blood, urine or saliva, the overall process remains minimally invasive, enhancing its clinical applicability. The review highlights Raman spectroscopy's role in identifying disease-related EVs, distinguishing subpopulations and enhancing our understanding of EVs in disease mechanisms and therapeutic applications.</p

InAs/AlGaAs quantum dot intermediate band solar cells with enlarged sub-bandgaps

In the last decade several prototypes of intermediate band solar cells (IBSCs) have been manufactured. So far, most of these prototypes have been based on InAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) in order to implement the IB material. The key operation principles of the IB theory are two photon sub-bandgap (SBG) photocurrent, and output voltage preservation, and both have been experimentally demonstrated at low temperature. At room temperature (RT), however, thermal escape/relaxation between the conduction band (CB) and the IB prevents voltage preservation. To improve this situation, we have produced and characterized the first reported InAs/AlGaAs QD-based IBSCs. For an Al content of 25% in the host material, we have measured an activation energy of 361 meV for the thermal carrier escape. This energy is about 250 meV higher than the energies found in the literature for InAs/GaAs QD, and almost 140 meV higher than the activation energy obtained in our previous InAs/GaAs QD-IBSC prototypes including a specifically designed QD capping layer. This high value is responsible for the suppression of the SBG quantum efficiency under monochromatic illumination at around 220 K. We suggest that, if the energy split between the CB and the IB is large enough, activation energies as high as to suppress thermal carrier escape at room temperature (RT) can be achieved. In this respect, the InAs/AlGaAs system offers new possibilities to overcome some of the problems encountered in InAs/GaAs and opens the path for QD-IBSC devices capable of achieving high efficiency at RT

Illuminating extracellular nanovesicles through the spectroscopic lens: a mini review of cutting-edge insights and emerging applications

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived particles that facilitate intercellular communication by carrying bioactive molecules like proteins and RNA, impacting both health and disease. Herein, the EVs' significance in physiological and pathological processes is reviewed, emphasising their potential as biomarkers for diseases including for instance, cancer, neurodegenerative disorders and cardiovascular conditions. The principles and applications of Raman spectroscopy (RS) - a powerful tool offering detailed molecular insights into EVs, are further examined. The non-destructive nature of this spectroscopic technique renders it invaluable for studying the molecular composition, purity and concentration of EVs. When EVs are isolated from accessible biofluids such as blood, urine or saliva, the overall process remains minimally invasive, enhancing its clinical applicability. The review highlights Raman spectroscopy’s role in identifying disease-related EVs, distinguishing subpopulations and enhancing our understanding of EVs in disease mechanisms and therapeutic applications

Precision Diagnostics in Sports-Related Traumatic Brain Injury:Pathophysiology, Biomarker Development and Emerging Technologies

Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) sustained during sports activity represent a complex and heterogeneous spectrum of neuropathological conditions that remain underdiagnosed and often poorly managed, particularly in the amateur athletic populations. Traditional diagnostic paradigms, heavily reliant on subjective symptom reporting and clinical observation, lack the sensitivity and specificity required for early and accurate detection of mild and sub-concussive injuries. This review fills a critical gap by synthesizing recent advances in precision diagnostic tools, including AI-enhanced neuroimaging, blood-based biomarkers, and wearable biosensors, which are reshaping the detection and monitoring of sports-related TBIs. Despite significant research, diagnostic inconsistency persists, particularly in youth and amateur athletes. By integrating these converging technologies, a unified framework for earlier and more accurate detection as well as longitudinal monitoring, is proposed. Through a systems biology framework, the study evaluates the translational relevance of these tools in stratifying injury severity, monitoring recovery trajectories, and informing return-to-play decisions. Furthermore, the review addresses inherent challenges, including inter-individual variability, lack of consensus on diagnostic thresholds, ethical considerations in youth, and collegiate sports and the need for large-scale, sport-specific normative datasets. Looking ahead, the synergistic application of AI and digital diagnostics offers a transformative shift in sports neurology and public health surveillance