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Multi-objective global optimization for hydrologic models
The development of automated (computer-based) calibration methods has focused mainly on the selection of a single-objective measure of the distance between the model-simulated output and the data and the selection of an automatic optimization algorithm to search for the parameter values which minimize that distance. However, practical experience with model calibration suggests that no single-objective function is adequate to measure the ways in which the model fails to match the important characteristics of the observed data. Given that some of the latest hydrologic models simulate several of the watershed output fluxes (e.g. water, energy, chemical constituents, etc.), there is a need for effective and efficient multi-objective calibration procedures capable of exploiting all of the useful information about the physical system contained in the measurement data time series. The MOCOM-UA algorithm, an effective and efficient methodology for solving the multiple-objective global optimization problem, is presented in this paper. The method is an extension of the successful SCE-UA single-objective global optimization algorithm. The features and capabilities of MOCOM-UA are illustrated by means of a simple hydrologic model calibration study
Toward improved calibration of hydrologic models: Multiple and noncommensurable measures of information
Several contributions to the hydrological literature have brought into question the continued usefulness of the classical paradigm for hydrologic model calibration. With the growing popularity of sophisticated 'physically based' watershed models (e.g., landsurface hydrology and hydrochemical models) the complexity of the calibration problem has been multiplied many fold. We disagree with the seemingly widespread conviction that the model calibration problem will simply disappear with the availability of more and better field measurements. This paper suggests that the emergence of a new and more powerful model calibration paradigm must include recognition of the inherent multiobjective nature of the problem and must explicitly recognize the role of model error. The results of our preliminary studies are presented. Through an illustrative case study we show that the multiobjective approach is not only practical and relatively simple to implement but can also provide useful information about the limitations of a model
Measurement of the hadronic photon structure function F_{2}^{Ī³} at LEP2
The hadronic structure function of the photon F_{2}^{Ī³} (x, QĀ²) is measured as a function of Bjorken x and of the photon virtuality QĀ² using deep-inelastic scattering data taken by the OPAL detector at LEP at eāŗeā» centre-of-mass energies from 183 to 209 GeV. Previous OPAL measurements of the x dependence of F_{2}^{Ī³} are extended to an average QĀ² of ćQĀ²ć=780 GeVĀ² using data in the kinematic range 0.15<x<0.98. The QĀ² evolution of F_{2}^{Ī³} is studied for 12.1<ćQĀ²ć<780 GeVĀ² using three ranges of x. As predicted by QCD, the data show positive scaling violations in F_{2}^{Ī³} with F_{2}^{Ī³} (QĀ²)/Ī± = (0.08Ā±0.02āŗā°Ā·ā°āµ_ā.āā) + (0.13Ā±0.01āŗā°Ā·ā°Ā¹_ā.āā) lnQĀ², where QĀ² is in GeVĀ², for the central x region 0.10ā0.60. Several parameterisations of F_{2}^{Ī³} are in qualitative agreement with the measurements whereas the quark-parton model prediction fails to describe the data
Measurement of the charm structure function F_{2,c)^{Ī³} of the photon at LEP
The production of charm quarks is studied in deep-inelastic electronāphoton scattering using data recorded by the OPAL detector at LEP at nominal eāŗeā» centre-of-mass energies from 183 to 209 GeV. The charm quarks have been identified by full reconstruction of charged D* mesons using their decays into Dā°Ļ with the Dā° observed in two decay modes with charged particle final states, KĻ and KĻĻĻ. The cross-section Ļ^{D*} for production of charged D* in the reaction eāŗeā»āeāŗeā»D*Ī§ is measured in a restricted kinematical region using two bins in Bjorken x, 0.00140.1 the perturbative QCD calculation at next-to-leading order agrees perfectly with the measured cross-section. For x<0.1 the measured cross-section is 43.8Ā±14.3Ā±6.3Ā±2.8 pb with a next-to-leading order prediction of 17.0āŗĀ²Ā·ā¹_ā.ā pb
Gastrointestinal complaints in runners are not due to small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Gastrointestinal complaints are common among long distance runners. We hypothesised that small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is present in long distance runners frequently afflicted with gastrointestinal complaints.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>Seven long distance runners (5 female, mean age 29.1 years) with gastrointestinal complaints during and immediately after exercise without known gastrointestinal diseases performed Glucose hydrogen breath tests for detection of SIBO one week after a lactose hydrogen breath test checking for lactose intolerance. The most frequent symptoms were diarrhea (5/7, 71%) and flatulence (6/7, 86%). The study was conducted at a laboratory.</p> <p>In none of the subjects a pathological hydrogen production was observed after the intake of glucose. Only in one athlete a pathological hydrogen production was measured after the intake of lactose suggesting lactose intolerance.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Gastrointestinal disorders in the examined long distance runners were not associated with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.</p
Role of N-Terminal Amino Acids in the Potency of Anthrax Lethal Factor
Anthrax lethal factor (LF) is a Zn+2-dependent metalloprotease that cleaves several MAPK kinases and is responsible for the lethality of anthrax lethal toxin (LT). We observed that a recombinant LF (LF-HMA) which differs from wild type LF (LF-A) by the addition of two residues (His-Met) to the native Ala (A) terminus as a result of cloning manipulations has 3-fold lower potency toward cultured cells and experimental animals. We hypothesized that the āN-end ruleā, which relates the half-life of proteins in cells to the identity of their N-terminal residue, might be operative in the case of LF, so that the N-terminal residue of LF would determine the cytosolic stability and thereby the potency of LF. Mutational studies that replaced the native N-terminal residue of LF with known N-end rule stabilizing or destabilizing residues confirmed that the N-terminal residue plays a significant role in determining the potency of LT for cultured cells and experimental animals. The fact that a commercially-available LF preparation (LF-HMA) that is widely used in basic research studies and for evaluation of vaccines and therapeutics is 3-fold less potent than native LF (LF-A) should be considered when comparing published studies and in the design of future experiments
State-space Manifold and Rotating Black Holes
We study a class of fluctuating higher dimensional black hole configurations
obtained in string theory/ -theory compactifications. We explore the
intrinsic Riemannian geometric nature of Gaussian fluctuations arising from the
Hessian of the coarse graining entropy, defined over an ensemble of brane
microstates. It has been shown that the state-space geometry spanned by the set
of invariant parameters is non-degenerate, regular and has a negative scalar
curvature for the rotating Myers-Perry black holes, Kaluza-Klein black holes,
supersymmetric black holes, - configurations and the
associated BMPV black holes. Interestingly, these solutions demonstrate that
the principal components of the state-space metric tensor admit a positive
definite form, while the off diagonal components do not. Furthermore, the ratio
of diagonal components weakens relatively faster than the off diagonal
components, and thus they swiftly come into an equilibrium statistical
configuration. Novel aspects of the scaling property suggest that the
brane-brane statistical pair correlation functions divulge an asymmetric
nature, in comparison with the others. This approach indicates that all above
configurations are effectively attractive and stable, on an arbitrary
hyper-surface of the state-space manifolds. It is nevertheless noticed that
there exists an intriguing relationship between non-ideal inter-brane
statistical interactions and phase transitions. The ramifications thus
described are consistent with the existing picture of the microscopic CFTs. We
conclude with an extended discussion of the implications of this work for the
physics of black holes in string theory.Comment: 44 pages, Keywords: Rotating Black Holes; State-space Geometry;
Statistical Configurations, String Theory, M-Theory. PACS numbers: 04.70.-s
Physics of black holes; 04.70.Bw Classical black holes; 04.70.Dy Quantum
aspects of black holes, evaporation, thermodynamics; 04.50.Gh
Higher-dimensional black holes, black strings, and related objects. Edited
the bibliograph
Heparan sulfate as a regulator of inflammation and immunity
Heparan sulfate is found on the surface of most cell types, as well as in basement membranes and extracellular matrices. Its strong anionic properties and highly variable structure enable this glycosaminoglycan to provide binding sites for numerous protein ligands, including many soluble mediators of the immune system, and may promote or inhibit their activity. The formation of ligand binding sites on heparan sulfate (HS) occurs in a tissue- and context-specific fashion through the action of several families of enzymes, most of which have multiple isoforms with subtly different specificities. Changes in the expression levels of these biosynthetic enzymes occur in response to inflammatory stimuli, resulting in structurally different HS and acquisition or loss of binding sites for immune mediators. In this review, we discuss the multiple roles for HS in regulating immune responses, and the evidence for inflammation-associated changes to HS structure
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