IDENTIFICATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING OF PATHOGENIC MICRO-ORGANISM FROM DENTAL PATIENTS

ABSTRACTObjective: To isolate and identify aerobic microbes present in the periodontal infected patients and to evaluate the choice of antibiotics in themanagement of periodontal diseases.Methods: In this study, these patients have not been treated previously for their conditions. An informed consent was obtained from these patientsbefore collection of an oral swab. This study was approved by the Institutional Ethical Committee. The details of the patient's age, sex, and clinicaldetails were recorded on a per forma meant for this study. The following methodologies were adopted for the isolation and identification of the microorganismsfromthese cases.Results: In this study out of 50 oral samples, culture positivity was recorded in 43 (86%) cases and no growth in 7 (14%) cases. Antibiotic susceptibilitytest using to identified as resistant, sensitive, intermediate of pathogenicity of oral microbes. Such antibiotics were methicillin, ceftazidime,clindamycin, amikacin, cloxacillin, and cefotaxime. This study should be kept in mind when a local application of antibacterial compounds is used inthe therapy of periodontal disease.Conclusion: This study highlights the different organisms involved in the different types of dental infections. The antibiotic pattern shown in this workwill be a guide to the clinician in the selection of proper antibiotics for the treatment of these infections. Hence in this study, the limitations were timeand the number of patients. For better outcomes, a larger study population for a longer period of time should be undertaken to know the bacteriologyand to the select the effective drugs of choice for dental infections. A comparative study of bacteriology and mycology and its antimicrobial propertywould be very fruitful in the future.Keywords: Dental, Periodontal, Bacteria, Antibiotics

Hydrogeochemistry and microbial contamination of groundwater from Lower Ponnaiyar Basin, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India

Groundwater is the major source of fresh water in regions where there is inadequate surface water resources. Forty-seven groundwater samples were collected from Lower Ponnaiyar basin, Cuddalore District, south India, during the premonsoon (PRM) and postmonsoon (POM) seasons of 2005. Out of 47 groundwater samples, 15 samples showing higher nitrate concentration were those collected during PRM 2005. Microbial analysis of these samples was carried out by employing 16S rRNA gene sequence tool. Detailed analysis was conducted to determine the hydrogeochemical processes and microbial contamination responsible for deterioration of quality. The abundance of the ions during PRM and POM are in the following order: Na > Ca > Mg > K = Cl > HCO3 > SO4 > CO3. The dominant water types in PRM are in the order of Na > Ca > Mg > K = Cl > mixed CaNaHCO3, whereas during POM NaCl > CaMgCl > mixed CaNaHCO3, and CaHCO3. However, NaCl and CaMgCl are major water types in the study area.The quality of groundwater in the study area is mainly impaired by surface contamination sources, mineral dissolution, ion exchange and evaporation. Groundwater chemistry was used to assess quality to ensure its suitability for drinking and irrigation, based on BIS and WHO standards. Suitability for irrigation was determined on the basis of the diagram of US Salinity Laboratory (USSL), sodium absorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and Na%. According to SAR and USSL classification, 27.66% (PRM) and 40.43% (POM) of samples fall under C3S2 category, indicating high salinity and medium sodium hazard, which restrict its suitability for irrigation. Microbiological analysis and its effects on the water quality were also addressed. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of 11 bacterial contaminants exhibited five groups with 11 operational taxonomic units with aerobic and facultatively anaerobic organisms. The presence of aerobic organisms in the groundwater samples reflects the active conversion of ammonia to nitrite by Nitrosomonas sp. which is further converted to nitrates by v other organisms. Further the presence of nitrate reducers could also play a role in the process of conversion of nitrate to ammonia and nitrate to molecular nitrogen