Predict-AI-bility of how humans balance self-interest with the interest of others

Generative artificial intelligence holds enormous potential to revolutionize decision-making processes, from everyday to high-stake scenarios. However, as many decisions carry social implications, for AI to be a reliable assistant for decision-making it is crucial that it is able to capture the balance between self-interest and the interest of others. We investigate the ability of three of the most advanced chatbots to predict dictator game decisions across 78 experiments with human participants from 12 countries. We find that only GPT-4 (not Bard nor Bing) correctly captures qualitative behavioral patterns, identifying three major classes of behavior: self-interested, inequity-averse, and fully altruistic. Nonetheless, GPT-4 consistently overestimates other-regarding behavior, inflating the proportion of inequity-averse and fully altruistic participants. This bias has significant implications for AI developers and users

Political Ideology and Generosity Around the Globe

In a world severely put under stress by COVID-19, generosity becomes increasingly essential both when able to transcend local boundaries, building upon universalistic values, and when directed toward more local contexts, such as the native country. This study aims to investigate an underresearched determinant of generosity at these two levels, a factor that captures one’s beliefs, values, and opinions about society: political ideology. We study the donation decisions of more than 46,000 participants from 68 countries in a task with the possibility of donating to a national charity and an international one. We test whether more left-leaning individuals display higher generosity in general (H1) and toward international charities (H2).Wealso examine the association between political ideology and national generosity without hypothesizing any direction. We find that more left-leaning individuals are more likely to donate in general and more likely to be generous internationally. We also observe that more rightleaning individuals are more likely to donate nationally. These results are robust to the inclusion of several controls. In addition, we address a relevant source of cross-country variation, the quality of governance, which is found to have significant informative power in explaining the relationship between political ideology and the different types of generosity. Potential mechanisms underlying the resulting behaviors are discussed

Proceedings of Workshop on Benefit-cost Analysis of Traceability in the Agri-food Chain

Traceability (TT) is one of the main risk management and quality assurance tools identified in EU food and feed legislation. Moreover, beyond the main purpose of ensuring targeted, rapid and accurate recalls, there are possibly greater benefits to industry and the consumer, if investment is made in an appropriate system to broadly implement it.Plainly, traceability implementation has costs in terms of human resources and financial investments required, especially for processed products in the global market.The workshop aimed at identifying, describe and discuss the most appropriate methods of economic benefit and cost analyses relevant to a variety of food and feed (including SMEs such as farms) TT system implementation scenarios. The discussion was structured in a way to move from general theoretical information to case studies. The objective was to make progress in quantitative analysis to try to enforce TT at farm level. Innovation, like TT system adoption, can be regulation driven or market driven. Food safety regulations could provide for minimum TT standards, while market (taking into account relevant consumers WTA more than consumers WTP) can push for an adequate level of enforcement when TT is functional to other attributes, like quality and efficiency and clear monetary benefits can be identified and quantified. Non monetary benefit, as safety, could also justify financial incentives by society. A widespread adoption of sufficiently advanced TT system requires thereby public financial support.JRC.G.3-Monitoring agricultural resource

Traceability in the EU: an Opportunity for the Common Agricultural Policy

EU common agricultural policy (CAP) strongly promotes a competitive, sustainable and healthy agriculture, by means of direct aids, rural development funding and as well as regulatory standards and advisory services. EU food products have a worldwide reputation of high quality and safety, given tough safety standards to comply with. The Integrated Administrative Control Systems (IACS), in place in the EU Member States to prevent frauds of EU subsidies, rely on the GIS (Geographic Information System) technology, while traceability systems are implemented in many sectors, as it is functional tool with many purposes (quality and origin certification etc.). In this paper, it is proposed to integrate IACS-GIS with traceability (records) of practices at parcel level (geo-traceability). Based on an public-private interface, it could produce a reciprocal benefit of simplification in control procedure on technical (cross) compliance, minimizing the administrative burden on both sides.JRC.G.3-Agricultur

LPIS (Land Parcel Identification System) to manage GM/conventional maize co-existence in the EU intensive agricultural region of Lombardy

Lombardy is a region of Northern Italy, located in the wide and flat Po Valley where arable crops are widespread and agriculture is very intensive. Within this region, the GIS system SIARL (Sistema Informativo Agricolo Regione Lombardia), is used for the registration and management of farmer declarations when applying for EU subsidies. According to provisions under EU law, land use history referring to the past 5 years is required to be documented therefore, land use is registered on the basis of the declaration at the time of its introduction. In particular, farmers applying for public subsidies and growing GM crops are obliged to declare the GM seeds or plants cropped. The aim of the simulation is to quantify in a real agricultural context, the potential GM cropping area in 3 different intensively cropped areas (municipalities) of Lombardy region. This simulation will take into consideration the historical cropping systems, farming systems and size and rotation schemes. Simulations using 3 different cropping distances, allow for gauging the three municipalities¿ availability of agricultural land suitable to for the expansion of maize cropping to GM cultivars. Results indicated area suitability is very limited in 2 simulations out of 3, but the establishment of an ad hoc procedure for crop declaration prior neighbors¿ authorization could extend the suitable area in all simulations. This suggests that, in this case, land use distribution, more than isolation distances and relative maize area percentage, is the most significant variable. These results can assist in outlining the management control strategy and features of the control program to be triggered. This system is can be adapted to other crops.JRC.DDG.H.4-Monitoring agricultural resource

On-farm Geotraceability as Advanced Tool for a Competitive and Sustainable Agriculture

EU common agricultural policy (CAP) strongly promotes a competitive, sustainable and healthy agriculture, by means of direct aids, rural development funding and as well as regulatory standards and advisory services. EU food products have a worldwide reputation of high quality and safety, given tough safety standards to comply with. The Integrated Administrative Control Systems (IACS), in place in the EU Member States to prevent frauds of EU subsidies, rely on the GIS (Geographic Information System) technology, while traceability systems are implemented in many sectors, as it is functional tool with many purposes (quality and origin certification etc.). In this paper, it is proposed to integrate IACS-GIS with traceability (records) of practices at parcel level (geo-traceability). Based on an public-private interface, it could produce a reciprocal benefit of simplification in control procedure on technical (cross) compliance, minimizing the administrative burden on both sides. Technology is there to provide the necessary tools at costs affordable even in consideration of possible public funding (Farm Advisory System- FAS).JRC.G.3-Agricultur