Caractérisation de sources de résistance à la fusariose chez le blé dur

National audienceFacing the increasing problem of Fusarium head blight with durum wheat caused by different species of Fusarium, a study was undertaken with the help of the Ministry in charge for agriculture. This study made it possible to assess the resistance of different sub-species of Triticum turgidum. The populations with the most resistant accessions belong to the sub-species T. turgidum dicoccum. Going deeper into this study showed that this resistance was a type 2 one: slow progression of necrosis after contamination of one spikelet per spike. One accession, TRI2215, exhibited very high level of resistance, but it is very high and very late accession, this will make this accession difficult to be used in breeding. This justifies a QTL search for Fusarium resistance. The analysis of the determinant for Fusarium aggressiveness confirmed that a great part was linked with the production of mycotoxins. Several phenol compounds seemed to play a part in the resistance of the plant. A qualitative analysis of the Fusarium flora on the spikes allowed identifying six major Fusarium species and to associate them with the different mycotoxins. A close genus, Microdochium, did not produce mycotoxins. We also showed that the amount of mycotoxins in an organ was related to the fungus DNA in the organ.Face au problème croissant chez le blé dur de la fusariose des épis causée par différentes espèces de Fusarium sp., une étude a été entreprise, avec le concours du Ministère chargé de l’Agriculture. Cette étude a permis d’évaluer la résistance de différentes sous-espèces de Triticum turgidum. Les populations contenant le plus d’individus résistants sont issues de la sous-espèce T. turgidum dicoccum. Une étude plus approfondie a permis de montrer cette résistance était de type 2 : faible progression des symptômes après la contamination d’un épillet par épi. Un géniteur, TRI2215, montre un niveau de résistance particulièrement intéressant, mais est très haut et très tardif, ce qui le rendra difficile à utiliser. C’est pourquoi une recherche de QTL a été entreprise sur ce géniteur. L’analyse des déterminants de l’agressivité des Fusarium confirme qu’elle vient en grande partie des mycotoxines. Différents composés phénoliques semblent aussi jouer un rôle dans la résistance de la plante. Une analyse qualitative de la flore fusarienne des épis a permis d’identifier six espèces majeures de Fusarium et de les associer avec les différentes mycotoxines, et qu’un genre proche, Microdochium, ne produisait pas de mycotoxines. Il a montré aussi que la quantité de mycotoxines dans un organe était proportionnelle à la quantité d’ADN du champignon dans l’organe

Screening of wood/forest and vine by-products as sources of new drugs for sustainable strategies to control fusarium graminearum and the production of mycotoxins

Fusarium graminearum is a fungal pathogen that can colonize small-grain cereals and maize and secrete type B trichothecene (TCTB) mycotoxins. The development of environmental-friendly strategies guaranteeing the safety of food and feed is a key challenge facing agriculture today. One of these strategies lies on the promising capacity of products issued from natural sources to counteract crop pests. In this work, the in vitro efficiency of sixteen extracts obtained from eight natural sources using subcritical water extraction at two temperatures was assessed against fungal growth and TCTB production by F. graminearum. Maritime pine sawdust extract was shown to be extremely efficient, leading to a significant inhibition of up to 89% of the fungal growth and up to 65% reduction of the mycotoxin production by F. graminearum. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis of this active extract revealed the presence of three families of phenolics with a predominance of methylated compounds and suggested that the abundance of methylated structures, and therefore of hydrophobic compounds, could be a primary factor underpinning the activity of the maritime pine sawdust extract. Altogether, our data support that wood/forest by-products could be promising sources of bioactive compounds for controlling F. graminearum and its production of mycotoxins.Développement d'une infrastructure française distribuée pour la métabolomique dédiée à l'innovatio

Effets de H2O2 sur la production de trichothécènes B (DON, ADON) par Fusarium graminearum en culture liquide

National audienc

Detection of Fusarium head blight contamination in wheat kernels by multivariate imaging

AGAP : équipe GE²popThe objective of this study was to evaluate the safety quality of wheat kernels and more specifically the infection of wheat by Fusarium culmorum. We have developed a new non-destructive methodology based on multispectral imaging and chemometrics to detect wheat contamination. This method has been applied to evaluate the tolerance to Fusarium Head Blight (FHB) on six accessions of durum wheat. Two of the accessions are parental lines, one susceptible and one resistant to Fusarium, and the other four are their offspring lines. Multispectral images of dorsal and ventral sides of all kernels were acquired with an in-house imaging system and processed with chemometrical tools, including principal component analysis (PCA) and multiple linear regression (MLR). According to the quantitative PCR (qPCR) results, PCA was able to detect infested kernels and to identify affected areas with kernels. Moreover, regression analysis of the images allowed the degree of contamination for each pixel to be estimated, and thus mapping of contamination for each kernel. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Detection of Fusarium head blight contamination in wheat kernels by multivariate imaging

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Caractérisation de Fusarium acuminatum: un producteur potentiel d'énniatines dans les blés Tunisiens

International audienceFusarium Head Blight (FHB), caused by multiple species of Fusarium in small grain cereals, is a significant and long-standing problem anywhere in the world. Knowing regional Fusarium spp. present on non-symptomatic grains and their potential for mycotoxin production is of concern for identifying novel actions for FHB and mycotoxin management, such as treatments with essential oils. Analyzing the mycotoxin content of grains from non-symptomatic ears of different wheat varieties cultivated in Tunisia, we isolated Fusaria specimens identified as F. culmorum and F. acuminatum using analysis of the partial DNA sequence of the β-tubulin gene and ITS region. Two isolates of the latter species, uncommon in cereal grains in this region until now, were shown to be effective producers of enniatins in vitro, with 1390 and 3089 μg g −1 mycelial biomass (dry) in 11-day-old cultures. The susceptibility of an isolate of F. acuminatum to the fungistatic and antimycotoxin effects of eight essential oils was measured. Essential oils from Ammoides pusilla and Thymus capitatus used at 0.1 μL mL −1 in an agar culture medium, affected the mycelial growth by 55% and 79%, respectively and reduced the accumulation of enniatins per unit of mycelial colony by 26% and 52%, respectively. Finally, F. acuminatum was shown to be a contaminant of wheat grains in Tunisia and it may contribute to the contamination in enniatins. Two essential oils of Tunisian plants could be used for developing a biofungicide limiting both its mycelial growth and its accumulation of mycotoxins in grains

Gestion agronomique des sols et résidus : quel impact ?

National audienc

Cinnamic-derived acids significantly affect Fusarium graminearum growth and in vitro synthesis of type B trichothecenes

International audienceThe impact of five phenolic acids (ferulic, coumaric, caffeic, syringic and p-hydroxybenzoic acids) on fungal growth and type B trichothecene production by four strains of Fusarium graminearum was investigated. All five phenolic acids inhibited growth, but the degree of inhibition varied between strains. Our results suggested that the more lipophilic phenolic acids are, the higher is the effect they have on growth. Toxin accumulation in phenolic acid-supplemented liquid GYEP cultures was enhanced in the presence of ferulic and coumaric acids but was reduced in the presence of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. This modulation was shown to correlate with a regulation of TRI5 transcription. In this study, addition of phenolic acids with greater antioxidant properties resulted in a higher toxin accumulation indicating the modulation of toxin accumulation may be linked to the antioxidant properties of the phenolic acids. These data suggest that, in planta, different compositions in phenolic acids of kernels from various cultivars may reflect different degrees of sensitiveness to “mycotoxinogenesis”

Exogenous H2O2 and catalase treatments interfere with Tri genes expression in liquid cultures of Fusarium graminearum

International audienceEffect of exogenous H2O2 and catalase was tested in liquid cultures of the deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol-producing fungus Fusarium graminearum. Accordingly to previous results, H2O2 supplementation of the culture medium leads to increased toxin production. This study indicates that this event seems to be linked to a general up regulation of genes involved in the deoxynivalenol and 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol biosynthesis pathway, commonly named Tri genes. In catalase-treated cultures, toxin accumulation is reduced, and Tri genes expression is significantly down regulated. Furthermore, kinetics of expression of several Tri genes is proposed in relation to toxin accumulation. Biological meanings of these findings are discussed

Coupling of transcriptional response to oxidative stress and secondary metabolism regulation in filamentous fungi

International audienceTo survive sudden and potentially lethal changes in their environment, filamentous fungi must sense and respond to a vast array of stresses, including oxidative stresses. The generation of reactive oxygen species, or ROS, is an inevitable aspect of existence under aerobic conditions. In addition, in the case of fungi with pathogenic lifestyles, ROS are produced by the infected hosts and serve as defense weapons via direct toxicity, as well as effectors in fungal cell death mechanisms. Filamentous fungi have thus developed complex and sophisticated responses to evade oxidative killing. Several steps are determinant in these responses, including the activation of transcriptional regulators involved in the control of the antioxidant machinery. Gathering and integrating the most recent advances in knowledge of oxidative stress responses in fungi are the main objectives of this review. Most of the knowledge coming from two models, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and fungi of the genus Aspergillus, is summarized. Nonetheless, recent information on various other fungi is delivered when available. Finally, special attention is given on the potential link between the functional interaction between oxidative stress and secondary metabolism that has been suggested in recent reports, including the production of mycotoxins