17 research outputs found

    Actions différentielles de xéno-hormones alimentaires sur les organes reproducteurs, le foie et le tissu adipeux chez le rat femelle : aspects endocriniens, métaboliques et morphogénétiques en relation avec les processus de cancérogenèse

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    Diplôme : Dr. d'UniversitéDifferential actions of dietary xenohormones on the reproductive organs, the liver and the adipose tissue in the female rat : endocrine, metabolic and morphogenetic aspects regarding the carcinogenic process. Over the past décades, the incidence of hormone-dependent cancers has dramatically increased in Western countries as compared to Asian countries. Environmental and dietary compounds able to mimic and interfère with endogenous hormones, especially reproductive ones, may be involved and among these xenohormones. xenoestrogens (XE) are particularly pointed at. The objective of this thesis was to détermine the conséquences of chronic dietary exposure to phytoestrogens and chemical xenoestrogens on female reproductive organs and on tissues involved in the carcinogenic process, at key development stages. Based on human developmental stage-spécifie diet, severa] expérimental models in the female rat were used to characîerize xenoestrogen-induced endocrine, metabolic and morphogenetic changes. Our results show that target organs like reproductive organs and mammary gland are particularly sensitive during the ménopausal and the périnatal periods. Exposure to multiple XE during aduîthood caused modulation of hepatic oxidative metabolism of estradiol towards potentially genotoxic derivatives and highlighted complex interactions between xenoestrogens, endogenous estrogens and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, a chemical caremogen. Besides, XE were able to target adipose tissue and the adipogenic process : taking into account the rôle of adipose tissue in cancer development, questions arise from XE-induced functional alterations in ternis of carcinogenic outeomes. In conclusion, this work emphasizes the complex and pleiotropic action of xenohormones and highlights several mechanisms by which they can impact the carcinogenic process at différent development stages.Actions différentielles de xéno-hormones alimentaires sur les organes reproducteurs, le foie et le lissu adipeux chez le rai femelle : aspects endocriniens, métaboliques et morphogénétiques en relation avec les processus de cancérogenèse. Au cours des dernières décennies, le nombre de nouveaux cas de cancers hormono-dépendants a augmenté de manière significative dans les pays occidentaux, contrairement aux pays asiatiques. Des composés natureis ou S}iithétjques retrouvés dans l'alimentation et dans l'environnement, et capables de mimer ou d'interférer avec l'action des hormones endogènes, notamment celles de la reproduction, seraient responsables de ce phénomène. Parmi ces xéno-hormones, les xéno-œstrogènes (XE) sont particulièrement mis en cause. L'objectif de cette thèse était de définir les conséquences d'une exposition alimentaire chronique en phyto-œstrogènes et XE synthétiques sur les organes reproducteurs femelles et plusieurs tissus périphériques étroitement impliqués dans les processus de cancérogenèse, à des stades physiologiques clés du développement. Plusieurs modèles d'exposition reprenant les molécules typiques de l'alimentation humaine pour chaque stade (ménopausal, adulte, périnatal) ont été étudiés chez le rat femelle de manière à caractériser les modifications endocriniennes, métaboliques et morphogénétiques induites par les XE. Nos résultats montrent que l'impact de ces molécules sur le développement des organes cibles, comme les organes reproducteurs ou la glande mammaire, est particulièrement important durant les périodes ménopausale et périnatale. Au stade adulte, en conditions de multi-exposition. une modulation du métabolisme hépatique de l'œstradiol vers la formation de dérivés potentiellement génotoxiques a été mise en évidence : elle rend compte d'interactions complexes entre les XE, les œstrogènes endogènes et le 7,12-diméthylbenz(a)anthracène. un procancérogène chimique. Par ailleurs, le tissu adipeux, et Je processus de différenciation adipocytaire en particulier, apparaît comme cible des XE: compte-tenu du rôle connu que ce tissu joue dans le développement tumoral, les altérations fonctionnelles que les XE engendrent, soulèvent la question de leur impact sur le risque de cancer. En conclusion, ce travail a démontré la complexité et le caractère pieïotropique de l'action des xéno-hormones. Il met en avant plusieurs mécanismes qui, à différents stades de développement, peuvent avoir un impact sur le processus de cancérogenèse

    Actions différentielles de xéno-hormones alimentaires sur les organes reproducteurs, le foie et le tissu adipeux chez le rat femelle (aspects endocriniens, métaboliques et morphogénétiques en relation avec les processus de cancérogenèse)

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    Ces dernières décennies, le nombre de cas de cancers hormono-dépendants a augmenté dans les pays occidentaux. Les xéno-œstrogènes (XE), capables de mimer et d interférer avec l action des hormones endogènes, seraient en partie responsables. Ce travail visait à définir les conséquences d une exposition alimentaire chronique en phyto-œstrogènes et XE synthétiques sur les organes reproducteurs femelles et plusieurs tissus périphériques impliqués dans les processus de cancérogenèse, à des stades physiologiques clés du développement. Plusieurs modèles d exposition chez le rat femelle, reprenant les molécules typiques de l alimentation humaine pour chaque stade, ont servi à préciser les modifications endocriniennes, métaboliques et morphogénétiques induites par les XE. Nos résultats montrent que les périodes ménopausale et périnatale sont particulièrement sensibles aux XE, notamment vis-à-vis du développement des organes reproducteurs et la glande mammaire. Au stade adulte, en conditions de multi-exposition, la modulation du métabolisme hépatique de l œstradiol en faveur de dérivés potentiellement génotoxiques rend compte d interactions complexes entre les XE, les œstrogènes endogènes et le procancérogène chimique 7,12-diméthylbenz(a)anthracène. Par ailleurs, le tissu adipeux apparaît comme cible des XE: compte-tenu de son rôle en cancérogenèse, l altération de la différenciation adipocytaire sous XE pose la question des conséquences sur le risque de cancer. En conclusion, ce travail démontre la complexité et le caractère pleïotropique de l action des XE et souligne plusieurs mécanismes qui, à différents stades de développement, peuvent influencer le processus de cancérogenèse.Over the past decades, the incidence of hormone-dependent cancers has dramatically increased in Western countries as compared to Asian countries. Environmental and dietary compounds able to mimic and interfere with endogenous hormones, especially reproductive ones, may be involved and, among these xenohormones, xenoestrogens (XE) are particularly pointed at. The objective of this thesis was to determine the consequences of chronic dietary exposure to phytoestrogens and chemical xenoestrogens on female reproductive organs and on tissues involved in the carcinogenic process, at key development stages. Based on human developmental stage-specific diet, several experimental models in the female rat were used to characterize xenoestrogen-induced endocrine, metabolic and morphogenetic changes. Our results show that target organs like reproductive organs and mammary gland are particularly sensitive during the menopausal and the perinatal periods. Exposure to multiple XE during adulthood caused modulation of hepatic oxidative metabolism of estradiol towards potentially genotoxic derivatives and highlighted complex interactions between xenoestrogens, endogenous estrogens and 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene, a chemical carcinogen. Besides, XE were able to target adipose tissue and the adipogenic process : taking into account the role of adipose tissue in cancer development, questions arise from XE-induced functional alterations in terms of carcinogenic outcomes. In conclusion, this work emphasizes the complex and pleiotropic action of xenohormones and highlights several mechanisms by which they can impact the carcinogenic process at different development stages.DIJON-BU Sciences Economie (212312102) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Current and emerging in vitro methods for genotoxicity and carcinogenicity

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    The evaluation of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity is an essential prerequisite for the assessment of pharmaceuticals, industrial chemicals and consumer products potential hazard and for their marketing authorization. A number of well-established in vitro and in vivo testing methods are available and able to predict genotoxic and carcinogenic potential, yet research is on-going and is aimed at the development of a new generation of in vitro tests to enhance their predictivity and performance and to reduce the number of animals. In this context, the following Chapter is meant to review the existing in vitro testing methods and update on the emerging in vitro approaches for the assessment of genotoxicity and carcinogenicity.JRC.I.5-Systems Toxicolog

    ECVAM-Coordinated Prevalidation Study of Three Cell Transformation Assays for Chemical Carcinogenicity Testing

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    A formal prevalidation study of the Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) Cell Transformation Assays (CTAs) performed at pH 6.7 and pH 7.0 and the BALB/c 3T3 CTA was coordinated by ECVAM. The study was designed to complement the findings of the OECD detailed review paper (DRP) on CTAs and aimed at refining and standardising existing protocols, and assessing their reliability. The study results were peer-reviewed by the ECVAM Scientific Advisory Committee, which concluded that the study succeeded in generating standardised, transferable and reproducible SHE protocols. Further evaluation and use of the BALB/c 3T3 protocol was recommended to expand reproducibility data. The study results, together with the OECD DRP extensive database, support the utility of the SHE assays for carcinogenicity potential assessment. Based on available data and a formal ECVAM Recommendation on CTA status, the OECD will discuss and decide the necessary follow-up work, possibly in view of test guideline development.JRC.I.2-Public Health Policy Suppor

    Analysis of Published Data for Top Concentration Considerations in Mammalian Cell Genotoxicity Testing

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    The ability of the in vitro mammalian cell tests currently used to identify genotoxins has been shown to be limited by a high rate of false-positive results, triggering further unnecessary testing in vivo. During an European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods workshop on how to improve the specificity of these assays, testing at high concentrations was identified as one possible source of false positives. Thus far, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development genotoxicity test guidelines have required testing of chemicals using mammalian cells in vitro should be undertaken to concentrations as high as 10 mM (5000 mg/ml). Recently, a draft revision of the International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use genotoxicity test guidelines has recommended that testing concentrations should be reduced to 1 mM (500 mg/ml). To assess the impact that this lowering would have on the outcome of in vitro genotoxicity testing, we established a database of 384 chemicals classified as rodent carcinogens and reported Ames test results and the test concentrations that produced positive results in the mouse lymphoma assay (MLA), in vitro chromosome aberration (CA) assay and in vitro micronucleus test. Genotoxicity testing results were illustrated for 229 and 338 compounds in the MLA and in vitro CA assay, respectively. Of these test compounds, 62.5% produced positive results in the MLA, of which 20.3% required testing between 1 and 10 mM. A total of 58.0% produced positive results in in vitro CA assays, of which 25.0%required testing between 1 and 10 mM. If the testing concentration limit for mammalian cell assays was reduced to 1 mM, 24 (6.25%) potential carcinogens would not be detected in any part of the standard in vitro genotoxicity test battery (Ames test, MLA and in vitro CA assay). Further re-evaluation and/or retest of these compounds by Kirkland and Fowler [Kirkland, D. and Fowler, P. (2010) Further analysis of Ames-negative rodent carcinogens that are only genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro at concentrations exceeding 1 mM, including retesting of compounds of concern. Mutagenesis 25, 539Âż553] suggest that the current 10 mM top concentration can be reduced without any loss of sensitivity in detecting rodent carcinogens.JRC.I.2-Validation of Alternative Method

    Dietary xenoestrogens differentially impair 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation and persistently affect leptin synthesis

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    International audienceRecent observations have highlighted adipogenesis alterations under exposure to several xenoestrogens at critical stages, and pointed at their possible involvement in the pathogenesis of obesity. However, it remains unclear whether these effects are mediated by classical estrogen receptor (ER) binding and subsequent transcriptional modulation. The aim of this study was to determine the (anti-)adipogenic impact of apigenin, bisphenol A, genistein and 17β-estradiol at the onset of adipose cell maturation, and to correlate it to their estrogenic potential. In steroid-free conditions, 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were induced to differentiate in the presence of xenoestrogens for 2 days. DNA and triglyceride levels, leptin secretion and expression of Pref-1, C/EBPβ, PPARγ2, FAS, leptin and ERs were measured on days 0, 3 and 8 of differentiation. Genistein potently blocked mitotic clonal expansion and all markers of maturation. Bisphenol A and estradiol did not modify triglyceride accumulation but increased the expression of differentiation genes. Apigenin caused a weak but reversible delay in adipogenesis although it unexpectedly enhanced leptin synthesis. However, the expression of steroid hormone receptors was not associated with these differential effects. In conclusion, we could not put a clear estrogen-dependent mechanism forward, but early exposure to xenoestrogens persistently disrupted adipocyte gene expression and leptin synthesis

    Alimentary xeno-estrogens have different effects on the maturing of 3T3-L1 cells

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    Meeting Abstract: 35International audienc

    Two new approaches to improve the analysis of BALB/c 3T3 cell transformation assay data

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    Validation activities of the BALB/c 3T3 cell transformation assay (CTA) - a test method used for the assessment of the carcinogenic potential of compounds – revealed the need for statistical analysis tailored to typical BALB/c 3T3 CTA data. Therefore, an international expert group reviewed commonly applied statistical approaches in view of a harmonised BALB/c 3T3 CTA test protocol and the specific data properties, such as variability. As it was concluded that none of the regularly applied approaches is entirely appropriate, two novel ways for data analysis were recommended. These were an approach based on the negative binomial generalised linear model (with William’s-type protected tests (GLM-NB) and an approach normalising the data by a specific transformation subsequently apply William’s-type protected tests (NT). These two approaches are presented and applied to exemplary data demonstrating their performance and the type of results generated. It is confirmed that both approaches are able to statistically handle the specific BALB/c 3T3 CTA data properties, such as non-monotone concentration-response curves. Furthermore, a procedure for data interpretation dichotomising results into negatives and positives with the option of re-testing for inconclusive cases is proposed. The statistical scripts to be used in a freely available statistical software including exemplary outputs are annexed in order promote the acceptance of the two recommended approaches and facilitate their application.JRC.I.2-Public Health Policy Suppor

    Perturbateurs endocriniens : effet sur les préférences gustatives et l'obésité

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    International audiencePlusieurs études relient l’évolution de l’incidence de l’obésité à une évolution sociétale: l’accès des femmes au travail, les facilités de transport et l’essor de l’industrie agroalimentaire ont généré une "transition nutritionnelle" où le repas mijoté à base de produits frais a fait place au repas vite-prêt et fast-foods. La surconsommation de graisses et sucres et la moindre consommation de fruits et légumes sont bien souvent incriminés. Toutefois, l’usage concomitant de produits chimiques dans la production agricole et la confection de produits raffinés et/ou transformés, pourrait être un facteur aggravant, le taux d’obésité pouvant atteindre 50% en régions polluées. Les perturbateurs endocriniens (PE) sont particulièrement suspectés, plusieurs études épidémiologiques reliant l’incidence de l’obésité au degré d’exposition à des contaminants alimentaires ou environnementaux dotés de propriétés oestrogéniques ou anti-androgéniques (bisphénol A, phtalates, pesticides…). Cette hypothèse est soutenue par le fait que les stéroïdes sexuels gouvernent plusieurs déterminants des préférences gustatives: sécrétions salivaires, expression des bourgeons gustatifs, seuils de détections des saveurs, réponses des circuits neuronaux, etc…, mais aussi la formation du tissu adipeux. Expérimentalement, des études menées chez l’animal identifient des effets de PE sur les choix alimentaires tandis que d’autres démontrent l’impact d’une exposition précoce sur la genèse de l’obésité. Cet exposé rapporte des effets de PE sur des organes impliqués dans la régulation des préférences gustatives et de l’adipogenèse, et discute des possibles liens entre “préférence au sucré” et obésité
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