7,069 research outputs found
Evolution of binary stars and its implications for evolutionary population synthesis
Most stars are members of binaries, and the evolution of a star in a close
binary system differs from that of an ioslated star due to the proximity of its
companion star. The components in a binary system interact in many ways and
binary evolution leads to the formation of many peculiar stars, including blue
stragglers and hot subdwarfs. We will discuss binary evolution and the
formation of blue stragglers and hot subdwarfs, and show that those hot objects
are important in the study of evolutionary population synthesis (EPS), and
conclude that binary interactions should be included in the study of EPS.
Indeed, binary interactions make a stellar population younger (hotter), and the
far-ultraviolet (UV) excess in elliptical galaxies is shown to be most likely
resulted from binary interactions. This has major implications for
understanding the evolution of the far-UV excess and elliptical galaxies in
general. In particular, it implies that the far-UV excess is not a sign of age,
as had been postulated prviously and predicts that it should not be strongly
dependent on the metallicity of the population, but exists universally from
dwarf ellipticals to giant ellipticals.Comment: Oral talk on IAUS 262, Brazi
Cataclysmic Variables with Evolved Secondaries and the Progenitors of AM CVn Stars
We present the results of a systematic study of cataclysmic variables (CVs)
and related systems, combining detailed binary-population synthesis (BPS)
models with a grid of 120 binary evolution sequences calculated with a
Henyey-type stellar evolution code. In these sequences, we used 3 masses for
the white dwarf (0.6, 0.8, 1.0 Msun) and seven masses for the donor star in the
range of 0.6-1.4 Msun. The shortest orbital periods were chosen to have
initially unevolved secondaries, and the longest orbital period for each
secondary mass was taken to be just longer than the bifurcation period (16 - 22
hr), beyond which systems evolve towards long orbital periods. These
calculations show that systems which start with evolved secondaries near the
end or just after their main-sequence phase become ultra-compact systems with
periods as short as 7 min. These systems are excellent candidates for AM CVn
stars. Using a standard BPS code, we show how the properties of CVs at the
beginning of mass transfer depend on the efficiency for common-envelope (CE)
ejection and the efficiency of magnetic braking. In our standard model, where
CE ejection is efficient, some 10 per cent of all CVs have initially evolved
secondaries (with a central hydrogen abundance X_c < 0.4) and ultimately become
ultra-compact systems (implying a Galactic birthrate for AM CVn-like stars of
10^{-3} yr^{-1}). Almost all CVs with orbital periods longer than 5 hr are
found to have initially evolved or relatively massive secondaries. We show that
their distribution of effective temperatures is in good agreement with the
distribution of spectral types obtained by Beuermann et al. (1998).Comment: 16 pages, 6 figures (Fig. 4 in reduced format). Submitted to MNRA
Constraints on SN Ia progenitor time delays from high-z SNe and the star formation history
We re-assess the question of a systematic time delay between the formation of
the progenitor and its explosion in a type Ia supernova (SN Ia) using the
Hubble Higher-z Supernova Search sample (Strolger et al. 2004). While the
previous analysis indicated a significant time delay, with a most likely value
of 3.4 Gyr, effectively ruling out all previously proposed progenitor models,
our analysis shows that the time-delay estimate is dominated by systematic
errors, in particular due to uncertainties in the star-formation history. We
find that none of the popular progenitor models under consideration can be
ruled out with any significant degree of confidence. The inferred time delay is
mainly determined by the peak in the assumed star-formation history. We show
that, even with a much larger Supernova sample, the time delay distribution
cannot be reliably reconstructed without better constraints on the
star-formation history.Comment: accepted for publication in MNRA
Evanescent wave optical binding forces on spherical microparticles
In this Letter, we demonstrate stable optical binding of spherical microparticles in counter-propagating evanescent optical fields formed by total reflection at a dielectric interface. The microspheres are observed to form one-dimensional chains oriented parallel to the direction of propagation of the beams. We characterize the strength of the optical binding interaction by measuring the extent of Brownian position fluctuations of the optically bound microspheres and relating this to a binding spring constant acting between adjacent particles. A stronger binding interaction is observed for particles near the middle of the chain, and the dependence of the binding strength on incident laser power and number of particles in the chain is determined
The C-flash and the ignition conditions of type Ia supernovae
Thanks to a stellar evolution code able to compute through the
C-flash we link the binary population synthesis of single degenerate
progenitors of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) to their physical condition at the
time of ignition. We show that there is a large range of possible ignition
densities and we detail how their probability distribution depends on the
accretion properties. The low density peak of this distribution qualitatively
reminds of the clustering of the luminosities of Branch-normal SNe Ia. We
tighten the possible range of initial physical conditions for explosion models:
they form a one-parameter family, independent of the metallicity. We discuss
how these results may be modified if we were to relax our hypothesis of a
permanent Hachisu wind or if we were to include electron captures.Comment: 10 pages, 14 figures, MNRAS accepte
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Applications of forward performance processes in dynamic optimal portfolio management
The classical optimal investment models are cast in a finite or infinite horizon setting, assuming an a priori choice of a market model (or a family of models) as well as a priori choice of a utility function of terminal wealth and/or intermediate consumption. Once these choices are made, namely, the horizon, the model and the risk preferences, stochastic optimization technique yield the maximal expected utility (value function) and the optimal policies wither through the Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation in Makovian models or, more generally, via duality in semi-martingale models. A fundamental property of the solution is time-consistency, which follows from the Dynamic Programming Principle (DPP). This principle provides the intuitively pleasing interpretation of the value function as the intermediate (indirect) utility. It also states that the value function is a martingale along the optimal wealth trajectory and a super-martingale along every admissible one. These properties provide a time-consistent framework of the solutions, which ``pastes" naturally one investment period to the next.
Despite its mathematical sophistication, the classical expected utility framework cannot accommodate model revision, nor horizon flexibility nor adaptation of risk preferences, if one desires to retain time-consistency. Indeed, the classical formulation is by nature ``backwards" in time and, thus, it does not allow any ``forward in time" changes. For example, on-line learning, which typically occurs in a non-anticipated way, cannot be implemented in the classical setting, simply because the latter evolves backwards while the former progresses forward in time.
To alleviate some of these limitations while, at the same time, preserving the time-consistency property, Musiela and Zariphopoulou proposed an alternative criterion, the so-called forward performance process. This process satisfies the DPP forward in time, and generalizes the classical expected utility. For a large family of cases, forward performance processes have been explicitly constructed for general Ito-diffusion markets. While there has already been substantial mathematical work on this criterion, concrete applications to applied portfolio management are lacking.
In this thesis, the aim is to focus on applied aspects of the forward performance approach and build meaningful connections with practical portfolio management. The following topics are being studied.
Chapter 2 starts with providing an intuitive characterization of the underlying performance measure and the associated risk tolerance process, which are the most fundamental ingredients of the forward approach. It also provides a novel decomposition of the initial condition and, in turn, its inter-temporal preservation as the market evolves. The main steps involve a system of stochastic differential equations modeling various stochastic sensitivities and risk metrics.
Chapter 3 focuses on the applications of the above results to lifecycle portfolio management. Investors are firstly classified by their individual risk preference generating measures and, in turn, mapped to different groups that are consistent with the popular practice of age-based de-leveraging. The inverse problem is also studied, namely, how to infer the individual investor-type measure from observed investment behavior.
Chapter 4 provides applications of the forward performance to the classical problem of mean-variance analysis. It examines how sequential investment periods can be ``pasted together" in a time-consistent manner from one evaluation period to the next. This is done by mapping the mean-variance to a family of forward quadratic performances with appropriate stochastic and path-dependent coefficients. Quantitative comparisons with the classical approach are provided for a class of market settings, which demonstrate the superiority and flexibility of the forward approach.Information, Risk, and Operations Management (IROM
Spatial-Temporal Deep Embedding for Vehicle Trajectory Reconstruction from High-Angle Video
Spatial-temporal Map (STMap)-based methods have shown great potential to
process high-angle videos for vehicle trajectory reconstruction, which can meet
the needs of various data-driven modeling and imitation learning applications.
In this paper, we developed Spatial-Temporal Deep Embedding (STDE) model that
imposes parity constraints at both pixel and instance levels to generate
instance-aware embeddings for vehicle stripe segmentation on STMap. At pixel
level, each pixel was encoded with its 8-neighbor pixels at different ranges,
and this encoding is subsequently used to guide a neural network to learn the
embedding mechanism. At the instance level, a discriminative loss function is
designed to pull pixels belonging to the same instance closer and separate the
mean value of different instances far apart in the embedding space. The output
of the spatial-temporal affinity is then optimized by the mutex-watershed
algorithm to obtain final clustering results. Based on segmentation metrics,
our model outperformed five other baselines that have been used for STMap
processing and shows robustness under the influence of shadows, static noises,
and overlapping. The designed model is applied to process all public NGSIM
US-101 videos to generate complete vehicle trajectories, indicating a good
scalability and adaptability. Last but not least, the strengths of the scanline
method with STDE and future directions were discussed. Code, STMap dataset and
video trajectory are made publicly available in the online repository. GitHub
Link: shorturl.at/jklT0
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Quantification of the effects of fracture properties on seismic data
Fractures have significant impact on hydrocarbon production planning and
management. Their properties directly determine the well location selection, drilling design and oil/gas productivity. The goal of this research is twofold. The first part is to explore and find an efficient modeling method that can describe fractures explicitly embedded in elastic media under for wave propagation modeling. The second part is to establish correlations between fracture properties and seismic response quantitatively using the modeling results. The results will provide essential information for
developing a systematic characterization procedures for fractures.
In the first part, the discontinuous Galerkin method (DG) is first explored
for fracture modeling. Within this method, the displacement discontinuity is incorporated
by using a jump function included within the shape functions commonly
used in the finite element method. A single fracture model is explored using the DG method. The results are compared with the analytical solutions and found to be in close agreement. From the displacement fields, it is observed that the wave scattering is the main effect of fractures observed in seismic data. However, the expensive computational effort gives rise to challenges in conducting parametric study for several realistic models using DG methods. This poses problems in systematically
understanding the effect of fractures on seismic waves. In the second part, an integral based method is implemented for the parametric
studies to investigate the effect of fractures on seismic waves in elastic media. This integral based method ensures accuracy at the nodes of the elements and has greater computational efficiency. Using this algorithm, the effects of fracture spacing, density, and azimuth are investigated in a three-dimensional setting. The scattering index is used to evaluate the extent of wave scattering induced by fractures. The
quantitative relationships between fracture spacing, azimuth and scattering index are established. These results provide valuable information for future fracture characterization procedures.Geological Science
Binary Evolutionary Models
In this talk, we present the general principles of binary evolution and give
two examples. The first example is the formation of subdwarf B stars (sdBs) and
their application to the long-standing problem of ultraviolet excess (also
known as UV-upturn) in elliptical galaxies. The second is for the progenitors
of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia). We discuss the main binary interactions, i.e.,
stable Roche lobe overflow (RLOF) and common envelope (CE) evolution, and show
evolutionary channels leading to the formation of various binary-related
objects. In the first example, we show that the binary model of sdB stars of
Han et al. (2002, 2003) can reproduce field sdB stars and their counterparts,
extreme horizontal branch (EHB) stars, in globular clusters. By applying the
binary model to the study of evolutionary population synthesis, we have
obtained an ``a priori'' model for the UV-upturn of elliptical galaxies and
showed that the UV-upturn is most likely resulted from binary interactions.
This has major implications for understanding the evolution of the UV excess
and elliptical galaxies in general. In the second example, we introduce the
single degenerate channel and the double degenerate channel for the progenitors
of SNe Ia. We give the birth rates and delay time distributions for each
channel and the distributions of companion stars at the moment of SN explosion
for the single degenerate channel, which would help to search for the remnant
companion stars observationally.Comment: 8 pages, 4 figures, invited talk, to appear in the Proceedings of IAU
Symp. 252 "The Art of Modelling Stars in the 21st Century", Sanya, China,
6th-11th April 2008, (L. Deng, K.L. Chan & C. Chiosi, eds.
- …