Organismos geneticamente modificados

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are developed for improving a group of specific desired characteristics. Such modifications take place in the genome and are carried out through recombi-nant DNA technology or genetic engineering. Biotechnology techniques are showing a fast development contributing for the new generation of a certain group of products, which in the past were considered impossible. The advances obtained in the biotechnology area are enormous, including medical area, genetically modified plants and molecular biology. Studies have been conducted in different countries around the world to evaluate the main effects of genetically modified organism in terms of its cultivation, productivity, environmental impact, and human and animal consumption. Therefore, the objectives of this review are to show a general viewing of GMOs and also to present some of the animal and vegetable genetically modified feedstuffs along with its utilization in diets.Os organismos geneticamente modificados (OGMs) são manipulados de modo a favorecer características desejadas pelo homem, sofrendo alterações no genoma realizadas através da tecnologia do DNA recombinante ou engenharia genética. Estas técnicas, referentes à biotecno-logia, vêm apresentando um desenvolvimento rápido, o que tem contribuído para a obtenção de novos produtos, antes considerados impossíveis. Os avanços obtidos no campo da biotecnologia são significativos, incluindo a área médica, plantas modificadas através da bioengenharia e a aplicação da biologia molecular. Mundialmente, pesquisas estão sendo desenvolvidas para avaliar os efeitos dos organismos geneticamente modificados no que diz respeito ao cultivo, produtividade, impacto ambiental, consumo humano e animal. Desta forma, esta revisão tem como objetivos apresentar uma visão geral dos OGMs, alguns dos principais alimentos geneticamente modificados de origem animal e vegetal, bem como a sua aplicação na alimentação

Antibiotic administration in laying hens during the beak trimming process.

Debeaking is widely used in layer operations to reduce cannibalism and waste of feed. This study aimed to investigate the use of antibiotics in water during the period of debeaking. A total of 2384 birds were debeaked at 7 days of age and divided into two groups. The T1: control and the T2: antibiotic-administered group. Feed intake, average of body weight, weight gain and feed conversion were evaluated. The results indicated that adding antibiotic in the water during the debeaking period has no effect on performance of pullets.A debicagem é amplamente utilizada na indústria avícola com os objetivos de reduzir o canibalismo e o desperdício de ração pelas aves. O objetivo do experimento foi verificar a resposta das aves com a utilização de antibiótico via água durante o processo de debicagem. Um total de 2384 poedeiras semipesadas foi submetido à debicagem aos sete dias de idade e divididos em dois grupos: T1: controle e T2: com administração de antibiótico. Foram avaliadas as variáveis de consumo alimentar, peso corporal médio, ganho médio de peso, e conversão alimentar. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre os tratamentos para nenhuma das variáveis em questão. A adminis-tração de antibióticos não favorece o crescimento e consumo de aves submetidas a debicagem

The effects of stimulation of the autonomic nervous system via perioperative nutrition on postoperative ileus and anastomotic leakage following colorectal surgery (SANICS II trial): a study protocol for a double-blind randomized controlled trial

BackgroundPostoperative ileus and anastomotic leakage are important complications following colorectal surgery associated with short-term morbidity and mortality. Previous experimental and preclinical studies have shown that a short intervention with enriched enteral nutrition dampens inflammation via stimulation of the autonomic nervous system and thereby reduces postoperative ileus. Furthermore, early administration of enteral nutrition reduced anastomotic leakage. This study will investigate the effect of nutritional stimulation of the autonomic nervous system just before, during and early after colorectal surgery on inflammation, postoperative ileus and anastomotic leakage.Methods/DesignThis multicenter, prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial will include 280 patients undergoing colorectal surgery. All patients will receive a selfmigrating nasojejunal tube that will be connected to a specially designed blinded tubing system. Patients will be allocated either to the intervention group, receiving perioperative nutrition, or to the control group, receiving no nutrition. The primary endpoint is postoperative ileus. Secondary endpoints include anastomotic leakage, local and systemic inflammation, (aspiration) pneumonia, surgical complications classified according to Clavien-Dindo, quality of life, gut barrier integrity and time until functional recovery. Furthermore, a cost-effectiveness analysis will be performed.DiscussionActivation of the autonomic nervous system via perioperative enteral feeding is expected to dampen the local and systemic inflammatory response. Consequently, postoperative ileus will be reduced as well as anastomotic leakage. The present study is the first to investigate the effects of enriched nutrition given shortly before, during and after surgery in a clinical setting.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02175979 - date of registration: 25 June 2014.Dutch Trial Registry: NTR4670 - date of registration: 1 August 2014

Influência do transporte e mudança de local de manejo nas variáveis fisiológicas e produtivas de cabras Alpinas Physiologic and productive responses of Alpine goats submitted to transportation to a new dairy location

Estudaram-se o efeito do transporte e a mudança de local de manejo sobre a produção e a composição do leite e sobre as variáveis fisiológicas, utilizando-se 12 cabras da raça Alpina em final de lactação. Semanalmente, foram mensuradas a produção e composição do leite e a contagem de células somáticas, além do volume do leite residual após administração de ocitocina. Foram colhidas amostras de sangue para dosagem hormonal (cortisol) e enzimática (glicose) no plasma no dia do transporte: antes (7h10min) e após (8h20min, 8h30min e 10h30min) o transporte. Nas três semanas subsequentes ao transporte, também foram colhidas amostras de sangue às 8h20min. Obtiveram-se teores mais elevados (P<0,05) de cortisol e glicose após o transporte e a mudança de local de manejo, e menor produção de leite (P<0,05) um dia após o evento. Porcentagem de gordura (P<0,05) e contagem de células somáticas apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) após o transporte. Os resultados permitem concluir que o transporte é um agente estressor que pode, momentaneamente, influenciar a produção animal.<br>The effects of transportation and reallocation on milk production and composition and physiological responses were studied in 12 late-lactation Alpine goats. Weekly, somatic cell count, milk production and composition, and residual milk volume (after administration of oxytocin) were monitored. Blood samples were taken for hormonal (cortisol) and enzymatic dosages (glucose) in plasma on the day of transportation: before (7h10min) and after transportation (8h20min, 8h30min, and 10h30min). During the three weeks after transportation, blood samples were also taken at 8h20min. Higher levels (P<0.05) of cortisol and glucose after transportation and reallocation were observed and milk yield was significantly lower (P<0.05) one day after them. Milk fat percentage and somatic cell count (P<0.05) were higher after transportation. Results allow concluding that transportation is a stressor agent that may momentarily influence animal production