Studies on the mineral nutrition of the rice plant: XII. effects of the deficiencies of macronutrients on the varieties IAC-25 and IAC-47

Plantas de arroz, variedades IAC-25 e IAC-47, foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa e com deficiência de macronutrientes. Foram obtidos dados sobre a influência dos tratamentos na área foliar, produção de matéria seca e na composição mineral e observados os sintomas de carência. O estado nutricional das plantas deficientes em N foi também avaliado pela determinação da atividade da redútase de nitrato na folha.Rice plants, varieties IAC-25 and IAC-47 were grown in nutrient solution both in the presence and in the absence of macronutrients. Symptons of deficiency were observed in general agreement with description found in the literature. The deficiency of N affected most dry matter yield among the three major macronutrients. although the effect on grain production was greater when K was omitted. The following levels could be taken as indication of adequate nutrition when leaf samples are analysed at the boot stage (respectively) for var. IAC-25 and IAC-47): N - 4.18% and 3.54%; P - 0.36 and 0.27; K - 2.30 and 2.09; Ca - 1.22 and 1.00; Mg - 0.80 and 0.77; S - 0.24 and 0.18. Leaf nitrate reductase activity at the same physiological period correlated well both with N supply and dry matter production

Pirólise de resíduos do coco-da-baía (Cocos nucifera Linn) e análise do carvão vegetal Pyrolysis of coconut residues (Cocos nucifera L.) and analysis of charcoal

Este trabalho objetivou realizar a pirólise de resíduos do coco-da-baía (Cocos nucifera Linn) e efetuar a análise química imediata do carvão vegetal produzido. Carvão vegetal, líquido pirolenhoso e gases não-condensáveis foram produzidos sob as temperaturas máximas de destilação de 350, 450 e 550 ºC. Submeteram-se à pirólise o coco inteiro e o seu endocarpo (verde e maduro), adotando como referência o carvão derivado do lenho de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake). O rendimento gravimétrico do carvão do coco inteiro, pirolisado na temperatura máxima de 350 ºC, foi estatisticamente superior aos dos demais tratamentos. Os maiores rendimentos em gases condensáveis foram obtidos a partir da pirólise do endocarpo verde, sob as três temperaturas máximas de pirólise analisadas. Os maiores teores de carbono fixo foram apresentados pelos carvões derivados do endocarpo do coco maduro, pirolisados nas temperaturas máximas de 450 e 550 ºC. Houve a equiparação estatística dos rendimentos em carbono fixo dos carvões do endocarpo do coco maduro e do lenho de eucalipto, pirolisados sob as três temperaturas máximas ora analisadas, e do coco inteiro destilado a 450 e 550 ºC.<br>The objective of this work was to carry out the pyrolysis of coconut residues (Cocos nucifera Linn) and to perform the chemical analysis of charcoal. Charcoal, pirogalyc liquid and non-condensed gases were produced under maximum temperatures of 350ºC, 450ºC and 550ºC. The whole coconut and its endocarp were pyrolysed (ripe and unripe), having as reference the charcoal derived from eucalyptus log (Eucalyptus urophylla S. T. Blake). The gravimetrical yield of whole coconut charcoal pyrolysed under maximum temperature of 350ºC, was superior to the other treatments. The largest yields of condensed gases were obtained from pyrolysis of unripe endocarp under the three pyrolysis temperatures. The highest levels of fixed carbon were given by charcoal derived from ripe endocarp, pyrolysed under maximum temperatures of 450º C and 550ºC. There was equal statistical response between fixed carbon yield from ripe endocarp charcoal and from eucalyptus log, pyrolysed in all the three maximum temperatures analyzed, and whole coconut pyrolysed under 450ºC and 550ºC

Variabilidade espacial de propriedades dendrométricas do eucalipto e de atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho

Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variabilidade espacial de atributos de eucalipto (Eucalyptus urophylla S.T. Blake) e atributos físicos de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico em Selvíria (MS). A área de estudo possui cerca de 1,98 ha e as amostras de planta e solo foram coletadas em uma grade de amostragem contendo 122 pontos sendo: 84 pontos com espaçamento regular de 15 m e 38 pontos com espaçamento regular de 5 m. Os atributos de planta e solo analisados foram: perímetro na altura do peito, altura da planta, volume de madeira, resistência do solo à penetração e o teor de água no solo. Os atributos das plantas de eucalipto apresentaram moderada variabilidade espacial, ao passo que os atributos do solo apresentaram variabilidade moderada (RP3) e forte (RP1). O modelo exponencial foi o que mais se adequou para os ajustes dos atributos de planta e solo estudados. A correlação linear simples mostrou haver baixa correlação entre os atributos de Eucalyptus urophylla e os atributos físicos do solo

Thermodynamic evaluation and modeling of proton and water exchange associated with benzamidine and berenil binding to ß-trypsin

Serine-proteases are involved in vital processes in virtually all species. They are important targets for researchers studying the relationships between protein structure and activity, for the rational design of new pharmaceuticals. Trypsin was used as a model to assess a possible differential contribution of hydration water to the binding of two synthetic inhibitors. Thermodynamic parameters for the association of bovine ß-trypsin (homogeneous material, observed 23,294.4 ± 0.2 Da, theoretical 23,292.5 Da) with the inhibitors benzamidine and berenil at pH 8.0, 25ºC and with 25 mM CaCl2, were determined using isothermal titration calorimetry and the osmotic stress method. The association constant for berenil was about 12 times higher compared to the one for benzamidine (binding constants are K = 596,599 ± 25,057 and 49,513 ± 2,732 M-1, respectively; the number of binding sites is the same for both ligands, N = 0.99 ± 0.05). Apparently the driving force responsible for this large difference of affinity is not due to hydrophobic interactions because the variation in heat capacity (DCp), a characteristic signature of these interactions, was similar in both systems tested (-464.7 ± 23.9 and -477.1 ± 86.8 J K-1 mol-1 for berenil and benzamidine, respectively). The results also indicated that the enzyme has a net gain of about 21 water molecules regardless of the inhibitor tested. It was shown that the difference in affinity could be due to a larger number of interactions between berenil and the enzyme based on computational modeling. The data support the view that pharmaceuticals derived from benzamidine that enable hydrogen bond formation outside the catalytic binding pocket of ß-trypsin may result in more effective inhibitors