Crescimento de plantas de café em solos com resíduos de picloram

Avaliou-se neste trabalho o crescimento de plantas de café cultivadas em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, com diferentes valores de pH e contaminado com resíduos de picloram. O experimento foi instalado em esquema fatorial (2 x 9), sendo o primeiro fator dois tipos de solo (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo pH 4,4 e pH 6,2) e o segundo, nove doses de picloram (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 e 160 g ha¹ ), no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Aos 60 e 120 dias após aplicação do herbicida (DAP), procedeu-se à avaliação visual de intoxicação das plantas, área foliar, pelo método não destrutivo, do diâmetro do caule, por paquímetro, e da altura das plantas, bem como à contagem do número de folhas completamente expandidas. Aos 120 DAP, fez-se a determinação da massa da matéria seca da parte aérea, do caule e das raízes, além do comprimento das raízes e volume radicular. Concluiu-se que plantas de café recém-transplantadas em solos com resíduos do picloram têm redução no seu crescimento, o que pode ter reflexo na futura produtividade da cultura. Caso sejam feitas operações visando ao aumento do pH desses solos, aumenta-se o risco da ocorrência de carryover.This work aimed to evaluate the growth of coffee plants cultivated in an Oxisol with different pH values and contaminated with picloram residues. The experiment was a factorial (2 x 9), with the first factor consisting of two types of soil (Oxisol pH 4.4 and pH 6.2) and the second factor, nine doses of picloram (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140 and 160 g ha-1 ), arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. At 60 and 120 days after herbicide application (DAP), a visual evaluation was carried out of intoxication of the plants, leaf area, by a non-destructive method; stem diameter by caliper and plant height, as well as counting the number of fully-expanded leaves. At 120 DAP, determination of dry mass of the leaves, stem and roots was carried out, besides root length and root volume. It was concluded that coffee plants recently transplanted into soil with residues of picloram have a growth reduction that may affect future crop productivity. Operations aiming at increasing the pH of these soils increase the risk of carryover

Atividade fotossintética de plantas cultivadas em solo contaminado com picloram

Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar os efeitos do picloram sobre as características associadas à atividade fotossintética de Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Eleusine coracana e Zea mays, consideradas espécies com potencial de remediação de solo contaminado por esse herbicida. O experimento foi conduzido em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator constou do cultivo das espécies B. brizantha, B. decumbens, E. coracana e Zea mays,e o segundo, de três doses (0, 80 e 160 g ha-1) de picloram, aplicadas em pré-emergência. Após o preenchimento dos vasos com 6,0 kg de solo, classificado como Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo, fez-se a irrigação e aplicou-se o herbicida na superfície do solo. Um dia após essa aplicação, procedeu-se à semeadura das espécies vegetais. Aos 40 dias após a emergência das espécies vegetais, foram determinados a condutância estomática, a taxa de transpiração, a concentração de CO 2 na câmara subestomática, o gradiente de CO2 e a taxa fotossintética, utilizando-se um analisador de gases no infravermelho (IRGA). Aos 90 dias após a emergência das plantas, foi coletada a parte aérea e determinada a matéria seca. Resíduos de picloram no solo podem alterar as variáveis fisiológicas estudadas, porém a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea dessas espécies não foi influenciada pela ação do herbicida, independentemente das doses aplicadas, indicando tolerância das espécies ao picloram. Desse modo, a avaliação prévia das características fisiológicas não pode ser utilizada como indicador de tolerância dessas espécies ao picloram.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of picloram on the characteristics associated with the photosynthetic activity of Brachiaria brizantha, Brachiaria decumbens, Eleusine coracana and Zea mays, considered to be species with potential to remediate soil contaminated with this herbicide. The experiment was conducted in a factorial 4 x 3 in a completely randomized design, with four replications. The first factor consisted of cultivation of the species B. brizantha, B. decumbens, E. coracana and Zea mays and the second factor of three picloram doses (0, 80 and 160 g ha-1) applied in preemergence. Pots were filled with 6.0 kg of soil, classified as red-yellow Hapludalf, and irrigation and herbicide application were carried out on the soil surface. One day after this application, the plant species were sown. Forty days after emergence of the plant species, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, sub-stomatal CO2 concentration, CO2 gradient, and photosynthetic rate were evaluated, using an infrared gas analyzer (IRGA). Ninety days after plant emergence, shoot was collected to determine shoot dry matter. Picloram residues in soil can affect the physiological variables studied but shoot dry matter was not influenced by the action of this herbicide, regardless of the doses applied, indicating tolerance of the species to picloram. Thus, prior assessment of the physiological characteristics cannot be used as an indicator of tolerance of these species to picloram

Seed Mucilage Improves Seedling Emergence of a Sand Desert Shrub

The success of seedling establishment of desert plants is determined by seedling emergence response to an unpredictable precipitation regime. Sand burial is a crucial and frequent environmental stress that impacts seedling establishment on sand dunes. However, little is known about the ecological role of seed mucilage in seedling emergence in arid sandy environments. We hypothesized that seed mucilage enhances seedling emergence in a low precipitation regime and under conditions of sand burial. In a greenhouse experiment, two types of Artemisia sphaerocephala achenes (intact and demucilaged) were exposed to different combinations of burial depth (0, 5, 10, 20, 40 and 60 mm) and irrigation regimes (low, medium and high, which simulated the precipitation amount and frequency in May, June and July in the natural habitat, respectively). Seedling emergence increased with increasing irrigation. It was highest at 5 mm sand burial depth and ceased at burial depths greater than 20 mm in all irrigation regimes. Mucilage significantly enhanced seedling emergence at 0, 5 and 10 mm burial depths in low irrigation, at 0 and 5 mm burial depths in medium irrigation and at 0 and 10 mm burial depths in high irrigation. Seed mucilage also reduced seedling mortality at the shallow sand burial depths. Moreover, mucilage significantly affected seedling emergence time and quiescence and dormancy percentages. Our findings suggest that seed mucilage plays an ecologically important role in successful seedling establishment of A. sphaerocephala by improving seedling emergence and reducing seedling mortality in stressful habitats of the sandy desert environment