ПРОФІЛАКТИЧНА МЕДИЦИНА ЯК ВАЖЛИВА СКЛАДОВА ГРОМАДСЬКОГО ЗДОРОВ’Я

Purpose: to highlight the role of preventive medicine as an important component of public health. Materials and Methods. General scientific methods of analysis, synthesis and generalization were used in order to achieve this goal. Results. Prevention is one of the most important part of medicine, which includes a complex of hygienic, medical, socio-economic and sanitary measures aimed at eliminating risk factors affecting human health, preventing the occurrence of diseases and ensuring a high level of public health of population. There are three types of prevention: primary, secondary and tertiary. Primary prevention is used to prevent the disease as such, secondary – aimed at early detection and treatment of the disease at the preclinical stage. Tertiary is measures aimed at preventing the development of complications and worsening the course of the disease, as well as dynamic monitoring of patients to prevent the occurrence of undesirable consequences of diseases such as: death, disability, transition of illness to a chronic form. All of them are of great importance to the public health system. Lifestyle has a big impact on health formation. Very often, the prevention of illness is related to healthy lifestyle rules and many ailments can be prevented with simple hygienic methods. Unfortunately, Ukraine has a very low level of education for the population. The emergence of more well-prepared and motivated professionals to promote healthy lifestyles will have a positive impact on the health of the population. Conclusions. It is extremely important to set up public health centers, to provide them with the conditions for the activities of preventive medicine specialists, especially hygienists and epidemiologists, who would promote large-scale healthy lifestyles, provide practical assistance to medical and educational institutions, and have financial interest in its activities. Prevention of disease and promotion of healthy lifestyles should become economically viable for the state and our compatriots.Мета: висвітлити роль профілактичної медицини як важливої складової громадського здоров’я. Матеріали і методи. Для досягнення поставленої мети у роботі використано загальнонаукові методи аналізу, синтезу та узагальнення. Результати. Профілактика – один із надзвичайно важливих напрямків медицини, який включає комплекс гігієнічних, медичних, соціально-економічних і санітарно-технічних заходів, спрямованих на усунення факторів ризи­ку, що впливають на здоров’я людини, запобігання виникненню хвороб та забезпечення високого рівня громад­­ського здоров’я населення. Розрізняють три види профілактики: первинна, вторинна і третинна. Первинну профілактику використовують для недопущення захворювання як такого, вторинна – спрямована на раннє виявлення та лікування хвороби на доклінічній стадії. Третинна – це заходи, які спрямовані на попередження розвитку ускладнень та погіршення перебігу хвороби, а також динамічне спостереження за пацієнтами для запобігання виникненню таких небажаних наслідків захворювань, як: смерть, інвалідизація, перехід недуги у хронічну форму. Всі вони відіграють важливу роль у системі громадського здоров’я. Значний вплив на формування здоров’я має спосіб життя. Дуже часто попередження захворювань пов’язане з правилами здорового способу життя і багато недуг можуть бути попереджені за допомогою простих гігієнічних методів. На жаль, в Україні дуже низький рівень освіти населення з цього питання. Поява більшої кількості добре підготовлених і мотивованих до пропаганди здорового способу життя фахівців позитивно вплине на рівень здоров’я населення. Висновки. Надзвичайно важливо створити центри громадського здоров’я, забезпечити в них умови для діяльності фахівців профілактичної медицини, насамперед гігієністів та епідеміологів, котрі б здійснювали масштабну пропаганду здорового способу життя, надавали практичну допомогу лікувальним та навчально-виховним закладам і, безперечно, були матеріально зацікавлені в результатах своєї діяльності. Профілактика захворюваності й пропаганда здорового способу життя має стати економічно вигідною державі та нашим співвітчизникам

НЕСТАНДАРТНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНОГО РАЗВИТИЯ И САМОРЕАЛИЗАЦИИ СОТРУДНИКОВ: ДАУНШИФТИНГ И ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКАЯ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ

Transition to postindustrial society is accompanied by the onrush development of new information and communication technologies. Consequently, social capital of humans development becomes necessary and very important. Along with the willing ness to increase social capital many people are interested in realizing their entrepreneurial activities. Spreading of such non-standard forms of employment as remote work, freelancing (in particular, electronic freelancing) and downshifting, providing a new type of social-labor relations, increasing number of people seeking to self-organization labor activity. Thus, detailed consideration of non-standard forms of labor organization, entrepreneurship and ways of employee’s professional development is very actual. The article discusses such phenomena as entrepreneurship and downshifting in context of personality’s professional development, and also exploring reasons and ways of engagement in ideologies of both two phenomena. A distinctive feature of the author’s view is that concepts of “entrepreneurship” and “downshifting” are not in the opposition as different vectors of career development. These methods of labor organization are considered as similar by backgrounds that motivate per son to leave stable job in a global context or in a concrete company. In the article for more complete understanding complementarity of entrepreneurship and downshifting in context of personality’s professional development, there is a brief historical background, regarding history of each phenomena – globally, and particularly in Russia.Переход к постиндустриальному обществу сопровождается стремительным развитием новых информационно-коммуникационных технологий (ИКТ). В связи с этим развитие социального капитала человека становится необходимым и очень важным. Наряду со стремлением людей к приращению социального капитала увеличивается их интерес и к предпринимательской деятельности. Все большее распространение получают такие нестандартные формы занятости, как дистанционная профессиональная деятельность, фриланс (в частности, электронный фриланс), свободная занятость (дауншифтинг), вследствие чего формируется новый тип социально-трудовых отношений, увеличивается количество людей, стремящихся к самоорганизации труда. Таким образом, подробное рассмотрение нестандартных форм организации трудовой деятельности, предпринимательства, а также способов профессионального развития работников является актуальным. В статье рассматриваются особенности таких феноменов, как предпринимательство и дауншифтинг, в контексте путей профессионального развития человека, а также анализируются причины и способы вовлечения как в идеологию предпринимательства, так и в идеологию дауншифтинга. Отличительной чертой авторского взгляда является то, что понятия “предпринимательство” и “дауншифтинг” не противопоставляются как противоположные по смыслу вектора развития карьеры. Эти способы организации трудовой деятельности, наоборот, рассматриваются как схожие между собой в предпосылках, побуждающих оставить стабильную работу в компании, а также в глобальных целях этих изменений. Для более полного понимания комплементарности феноменов в контексте профессионального развития человека приведены краткая историческая справка о возникновении каждого из феноменов, а также экскурс в историю развития каждого из феноменов в России

Impact of caloric and dietary restriction regimens on markers of health and longevity in humans and animals: a summary of available findings

Considerable interest has been shown in the ability of caloric restriction (CR) to improve multiple parameters of health and to extend lifespan. CR is the reduction of caloric intake - typically by 20 - 40% of ad libitum consumption - while maintaining adequate nutrient intake. Several alternatives to CR exist. CR combined with exercise (CE) consists of both decreased caloric intake and increased caloric expenditure. Alternate-day fasting (ADF) consists of two interchanging days; one day, subjects may consume food ad libitum (sometimes equaling twice the normal intake); on the other day, food is reduced or withheld altogether. Dietary restriction (DR) - restriction of one or more components of intake (typically macronutrients) with minimal to no reduction in total caloric intake - is another alternative to CR. Many religions incorporate one or more forms of food restriction. The following religious fasting periods are featured in this review: 1) Islamic Ramadan; 2) the three principal fasting periods of Greek Orthodox Christianity (Nativity, Lent, and the Assumption); and 3) the Biblical-based Daniel Fast. This review provides a summary of the current state of knowledge related to CR and DR. A specific section is provided that illustrates related work pertaining to religious forms of food restriction. Where available, studies involving both humans and animals are presented. The review includes suggestions for future research pertaining to the topics of discussion

Effects of Anacetrapib in Patients with Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease

BACKGROUND: Patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease remain at high risk for cardiovascular events despite effective statin-based treatment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels. The inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by anacetrapib reduces LDL cholesterol levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. However, trials of other CETP inhibitors have shown neutral or adverse effects on cardiovascular outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial involving 30,449 adults with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive atorvastatin therapy and who had a mean LDL cholesterol level of 61 mg per deciliter (1.58 mmol per liter), a mean non-HDL cholesterol level of 92 mg per deciliter (2.38 mmol per liter), and a mean HDL cholesterol level of 40 mg per deciliter (1.03 mmol per liter). The patients were assigned to receive either 100 mg of anacetrapib once daily (15,225 patients) or matching placebo (15,224 patients). The primary outcome was the first major coronary event, a composite of coronary death, myocardial infarction, or coronary revascularization. RESULTS: During the median follow-up period of 4.1 years, the primary outcome occurred in significantly fewer patients in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (1640 of 15,225 patients [10.8%] vs. 1803 of 15,224 patients [11.8%]; rate ratio, 0.91; 95% confidence interval, 0.85 to 0.97; P=0.004). The relative difference in risk was similar across multiple prespecified subgroups. At the trial midpoint, the mean level of HDL cholesterol was higher by 43 mg per deciliter (1.12 mmol per liter) in the anacetrapib group than in the placebo group (a relative difference of 104%), and the mean level of non-HDL cholesterol was lower by 17 mg per deciliter (0.44 mmol per liter), a relative difference of -18%. There were no significant between-group differences in the risk of death, cancer, or other serious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Among patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease who were receiving intensive statin therapy, the use of anacetrapib resulted in a lower incidence of major coronary events than the use of placebo. (Funded by Merck and others; Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN48678192 ; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01252953 ; and EudraCT number, 2010-023467-18 .)

NON-STANDARD FORMS OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SELF-REALIZATION OF EMPLOYEES: DOWNSHIFTING AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Transition to postindustrial society is accompanied by the onrush development of new information and communication technologies. Consequently, social capital of humans development becomes necessary and very important. Along with the willing ness to increase social capital many people are interested in realizing their entrepreneurial activities. Spreading of such non-standard forms of employment as remote work, freelancing (in particular, electronic freelancing) and downshifting, providing a new type of social-labor relations, increasing number of people seeking to self-organization labor activity. Thus, detailed consideration of non-standard forms of labor organization, entrepreneurship and ways of employee’s professional development is very actual. The article discusses such phenomena as entrepreneurship and downshifting in context of personality’s professional development, and also exploring reasons and ways of engagement in ideologies of both two phenomena. A distinctive feature of the author’s view is that concepts of “entrepreneurship” and “downshifting” are not in the opposition as different vectors of career development. These methods of labor organization are considered as similar by backgrounds that motivate per son to leave stable job in a global context or in a concrete company. In the article for more complete understanding complementarity of entrepreneurship and downshifting in context of personality’s professional development, there is a brief historical background, regarding history of each phenomena – globally, and particularly in Russia