Etude de l’influence des modes de transformation sur les teneurs en lycopène de quatre variétés de tomates de la région du nord du Burkina Faso

Les traitements thermiques visent à stabiliser les aliments pour de longues périodes de stockage. Ils induisent des variations dans la composition de l’aliment. Le présent travail a pour but d’évaluer l’influence des modes de transformation (séchage, cuisson) sur les teneurs en lycopène de quatre variétés de tomates (Mongal F1, Tropimech, Royale et Rio Grande) de la région nord du Burkina Faso. Les résultats en milligrammes de lycopène par gramme de tomates sont ainsi exprimés : Purée : Tropimech (0,065), Mongal F1 (0,028), Royale (0,051) et Rio Grande (0,045. Après les traitements on a noté les évolutions suivantes : Séchage à l’ombre : Tropimech (- 0.009), Mongal F1 (+0.009) Royale (-0.010) et Rio Grande (-0.009). Séchage solaire : Tropimech (-0.021), Mongal F1 (-0.007) Royale (-0.011) et Rio Grande (-0.014). Cuisson : Tropimech (-0.038), Mongal F1 (-0.014), Royale (-0.025) et Rio Grande (-0.024). Séchage solaire puis cuisson : Tropimech (-0.044),  Mongal F1 (-0.017), Royale (-0.038) et Rio Grande (-0.0035). Séchage ombre puis cuisson: Tropimech (-0.045),  Mongal F1 (-0.018), Royale (-0.035) et Rio Grande (-0.033). D’une  manière générale, les teneurs en lycopène ont subi une baisse au cours de la transformation.Mots clés : Tomates, lycopène, mode de transformation

Anxiolytic and Antiepileptic Properties of the Aqueous Extract of Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae) in Mice Pilocarpine Model of Epilepsy

Cissus quadrangularis (C. quadrangularis) is a plant of the Vitaceae family known for its anticonvulsant effects in traditional medicine. The objective of this study was to elucidate the anxiolytic and antiepileptic effects of aqueous extract of C. quadrangularis. The mice were divided into different groups and treated for seven consecutive days as follows: a negative control group that received distilled water, po, four test groups that received four doses of the plant (37.22, 93.05, 186.11, and 372.21 mg/kg, po), and a positive control group that received sodium valproate (300 mg/kg, ip). One hour after the first treatment (first day), epilepsy was induced by intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of pilocarpine (360 mg/kg). On the seventh day, the anxiolytic effects of the extract were evaluated in the epileptic mice using the elevated plus maze (EPM) and open field (OP) paradigms. Antioxidant activities and the involvement of gabaergic neurotransmission were determined by measuring the levels of malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), GABA, and GABA-transaminase (GABA-T) in the hippocampus of sacrificed epileptic mice. The results show that the extract of C. quadrangularis significantly and dose-dependently increased the latency to clonic and generalized tonic–clonic seizures and decreased the number and duration of seizures. In the EPM, the extract of C. quadrangularis significantly increased the number of entries and the time spent into the open arms and reduced the number of entries and the time spent into the closed arms as well as the number of rearing. The extract of C. quadrangularis also increased the number of crossing, and the time spent in the center of the OP. The level of MDA and the activity of GABA-T were significantly decreased by the extract of C. quadrangularis while reduced GSH and GABA levels were increased. The results suggest that the anticonvulsant activities of C. quadrangularis are accompanied by its anxiolytics effects. These effects may be supported by its antioxidant properties and mediated at least in part by the GABA neurotransmission

Improving the dielectric properties of ethylene-glycol alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) can be formed at the interface between solids and fluids, and are often used to modify the surface properties of the solid. One of the most widely employed SAM systems is exploiting thiol-gold chemistry, which, together with alkane-chain-based molecules, provides a reliable way of SAM formation to modify the surface properties of electrodes. Oligo ethylene-glycol (OEG) terminated alkanethiol monolayers have shown excellent antifouling properties and have been used extensively for the coating of biosensor electrodes to minimize nonspecific binding. Here, we report the investigation of the dielectric properties of COOH-capped OEG monolayers and demonstrate a strategy to improve the dielectric properties significantly by mixing the OEG SAM with small concentrations of 11-mercaptoundecanol (MUD). The monolayer properties and composition were characterized by means of impedance spectroscopy, water contact angle, ellipsometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. An equivalent circuit model is proposed to interpret the EIS data and to determine the conductivity of the monolayer. We find that for increasing MUD concentrations up to about 5% the resistivity of the SAM steadily increases, which together with a considerable decrease of the phase of the impedance, demonstrates significantly improved dielectric properties of the monolayer. Such monolayers will find widespread use in applications which depend critically on good dielectric properties such as capacitive biosensor

Photocatalytic Nanolithography of Self-Assembled Monolayers and Proteins

Self-assembled monolayers of alkylthiolates on gold and alkylsilanes on silicon dioxide have been patterned photocatalytically on sub-100 nm length-scales using both apertured near-field and apertureless methods. Apertured lithography was carried out by means of an argon ion laser (364 nm) coupled to cantilever-type near-field probes with a thin film of titania deposited over the aperture. Apertureless lithography was carried out with a helium–cadmium laser (325 nm) to excite titanium-coated, contact-mode atomic force microscope (AFM) probes. This latter approach is readily implementable on any commercial AFM system. Photodegradation occurred in both cases through the localized photocatalytic degradation of the monolayer. For alkanethiols, degradation of one thiol exposed the bare substrate, enabling refunctionalization of the bare gold by a second, contrasting thiol. For alkylsilanes, degradation of the adsorbate molecule provided a facile means for protein patterning. Lines were written in a protein-resistant film formed by the adsorption of oligo(ethylene glycol)-functionalized trichlorosilanes on glass, leading to the formation of sub-100 nm adhesive, aldehyde-functionalized regions. These were derivatized with aminobutylnitrilotriacetic acid, and complexed with Ni2+, enabling the binding of histidine-labeled green fluorescent protein, which yielded bright fluorescence from 70-nm-wide lines that could be imaged clearly in a confocal microscope

The NOX toolbox: validating the role of NADPH oxidases in physiology and disease

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are cellular signals but also disease triggers; their relative excess (oxidative stress) or shortage (reductive stress) compared to reducing equivalents are potentially deleterious. This may explain why antioxidants fail to combat diseases that correlate with oxidative stress. Instead, targeting of disease-relevant enzymatic ROS sources that leaves physiological ROS signaling unaffected may be more beneficial. NADPH oxidases are the only known enzyme family with the sole function to produce ROS. Of the catalytic NADPH oxidase subunits (NOX), NOX4 is the most widely distributed isoform. We provide here a critical review of the currently available experimental tools to assess the role of NOX and especially NOX4, i.e. knock-out mice, siRNAs, antibodies, and pharmacological inhibitors. We then focus on the characterization of the small molecule NADPH oxidase inhibitor, VAS2870, in vitro and in vivo, its specificity, selectivity, and possible mechanism of action. Finally, we discuss the validation of NOX4 as a potential therapeutic target for indications including stroke, heart failure, and fibrosis

Etude comparative des teneurs en polyphénols et en antioxydants totaux d’extraits de graines de 44 variétés de voandzou (Vigna subterranea (L.)Verdcourt)

44 variétés de Vigna subterranea provenant de l’Institut de l’Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles, au Burkina Faso et de l’Institut Tchadien de Recherche Agricole pour le Développement au Tchad, ont fait l’objet d’une étude comparative de leurs teneurs en polyphénols et en antioxydants totaux. Les teneurs en polyphénols totaux ont été déterminées par la méthode utilisant le réactif du Folin-Ciocalteu et les teneurs en antioxydants ont été évaluées par trois méthodes courantes, simples et disponibles : Trolox Equivalents Antioxidant Capacity (TEAC), 1,1-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) et Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP). L’étude a montré que les polyphénols, responsables de la couleur des péricarpes contribuent à 94% à la teneur en antioxydants totaux des extraits étudiés. Ainsi, à travers les comparaisons effectuées, les 17 variétés suivantes ont été sélectionnées comme étant les plus riches en polyphénols (≤ 4,536 mg d’EAG/g) et en antioxydants totaux (≤ 10,72 mg d’ET/g ; FRAP) : KVS350, KVS314, M2, D2, KVS311, M3, KVS109, KVS67, KVS288, KVS153, KVS360, M4, KVS141, M7, KVS225, KVS97, KVS312 (P<0,001). Ces variétés possèdent des teneurs en polyphénols totaux plus élevées que celles de Vicia faba/faba vulgaris, Phaseolus vulgaris, vigna unguiculata et d’autres légumineuses de la même famille des Fabaceae.© 2013 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Fabaceae, TEAC, DPPH, FRAP, Folin-Ciocalteu, anthocyanes totales