The naive map of the sixteenth century roads in Spain

This paper presents a naïve map that attempts to reflect the vision that Philip II and his advisors probably had of the Spanish road network in the second half of the sixteenth century, a crucial aspect for the choice of the seat of the capital of the kingdom.The elaboration of the naïve map was carried out in two phases: in the first, the road network was reconstructed based on a thorough revision of the primary sources that have survived to the present day. As these sources showed evident problems of completeness, the network was completed using mathematical methods, which were statistically contrasted. The analysis carried out is an important novelty since it shows that most oft he transport in the Iberian Peninsula was channeled through the center following a radial structure with six principal axes two centuries before what has been traditionally consideredComunidad de MadridUniversidad de Alcal

Economic effects of road accessibility in the Pyrenees: user perspective

At present, Spain faces one of the key moments in planning the future design of the infrastructure network. As a consequence of the critical role played by haulage in intra-European trade, the most important investments are those that guarantee that road haulage traffic can move freely at the borders. That is why it is necessary to make serious evaluations of the economic and social profitability of these investments. Normally the most significant social benefit of investment projects in transport infrastructure is time saving, which in turn changes traffic intensity. In this article we analyse the changes in the user excess caused by public investment in transport infrastructure planned by the Spanish government and which will be located on the border between Spain and France. In particular, we study the increase in network user surplus for HGV traffic in the Spanish and French border zones in the Pyrenees.Intra-European trade, time saving, user surplus, gravitational model

The Spanish Gough maps: first pre-postal maps of the Iberian Peninsula in its European context

In this paper, we study two singular maps, the Modern Map of Spain, attributed to Cardinal Margarit, and Spagna con le distantie de li loci; made in northern Italy in the late 15th and early 16th centuries. Like the British Gough map, both already show communication networks with expressed distances. Using formal analysis, statistical methodology, and computer proces sing, we present the cartographic characteristics of each one and relate them to their his torical context, updating the scarce information available until now. We explain their relationship as two milestones of the same cartographic process. At the same time, we study the routes represented, finding out the units of measurement used and the communication networks that both maps show us in the context of the Revolution of Communications that the Renaissance represented in Europe. The research has allowed us to attribute a new dating to them, question the traditional authorship, and advance a theory on the transport networks? functionality, demonstrating that both maps are part of a cartographic and historical process at the European level. All these updates to the vision on the first maps of communications in Western Europe established new contributions to the relationship between maps and itin eraries. It contributes to filling a void occupied in solitary, until now, by the map of Gough of Great Britain

Desarrollo turístico a largo plazo y políticas medioambientales: un análisis mediante técnicas de simulación.

Sin resume

Spatial distribution of economic activities- a network approach

The aim of this paper is to analyse co-location patterns of manufactures and service industries at a microgeographic level using Spanish data from the Mercantile Regis ter. Our approach allows us to analyse joint-location and co-location patterns of firms in different industries, and to overcome previous technical constraints in this type of analyses, partially thanks to using homogeneous cells instead of administrative units. This paper contributes to the empirical literature on industry location by develop ing a multisectorial co-location index computed by comparing differences between observed data about firms? location and randomly generated data. Multisectorial rela tionships are analyzed by transposing bilateral relations onto an n-dimensional space. Our results show that dispersed industries tend to locate jointly and that industries with lower joint-location patterns have spatial structures similar to those obtained through input?output relationships, suggesting weak role of co-location patterns as interindustry linkages are not the main location determinants

Taming out-of-equilibrium dynamics on interconnected networks

A wide variety of social, biological or technological systems can be described as processes taking place on networked structures in continuous interaction with other networks. We propose here a new methodology to describe, anticipate and manage, in real time, the out-of-equilibrium dynamics of processes that evolve on interconnected networks. This goal is achieved through the full analytical treatment of the phenomenology and its reduction to a two-dimensional flux diagram, allowing us to predict at every time step the dynamical consequences of modifying the links between the different ensembles. Our results are consistent with real data and the methodology can be translated to clustered networks and/or interconnected networks of any size, topology or origin, from the struggle for knowledge on innovation structures to international economic relations or disease spreading on social groups.Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Comunidad de Madri

An agent-based model of firm location with different regional policies

This paper presents an agent based model of firm location designed to explore the effect of regional policies on the spatial pattern of business activity. New firms are created each period taking into account the sector profitability and entry barriers. Firms choose their location and then they decide sequentially whether change their size or cease their activity accordingly to the profit maximization principle and the limited information they have. Their costs depend not only on the production level and the price of the productive factors but also on the land price. The characteristics of the territory where the firms are located are not static but rather evolve depending on the public policies, demographic variables and the firm localization patterns. The presented model shows endogenous rules of firm localization as well as the effects in the medium and long term of public policies

Omnichannel Management in a B2B context: concept, research agenda and bibliometric review

The COVID-19 pandemic has driven increases in the provision of services through digitalchannels, even by more traditional companies. An Omnichannel model of service provisionposes new management challenges for companies. This research reviews the literature onOmnichannel Management by companies whose clients are other companies (B2B) andclassifies the different areas of research to date. The principal finding is that, despite considerable academic interest in Omnichannel management, there have been few studies of Omnichannel in the B2B field. This emphasizes a significant research gap to address. We have also outlined the Research Agenda to highlight future lines of research

Omnichannel Management in B2B. Complexity-based model. Empirical evidence from a panel of experts based on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps

In recent years, academics and professionals have proposed omnichannel management as the best approach to offering multiple channels to end customers. This approach has been reinforced by the recent crisis caused by Covid-19 and the consequent demand for digital channels. In the current literature there is an evident gap in the study of omnichannel management for manufacturing or wholesale companies and their relationships with other companies, which typically use B2B models. This article includes a model that permits the identification of causal characteristics in omnichannel management based on fuzzy cognitive maps (FCM), the simulation of possible scenarios and the impact that changes in the environment or in the organization's internal activities may have on omnichannel management. From the results of a Delphi process based on an international Panel of Experts and using complexity theory, a Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM) was built that can serve as a reference for B2B omnichannel management. The main value of the research is provided by the practical model that allows simulating what-if scenarios, that is, with the modification of the input conditions with respect to a base scenario and thus favors directing the omnichannel strategy to be followed in a B2B field

Consecuencias de la liberalización de horarios : un modelo espacio-temporal basado en agentes para Madrid

El 15 de julio de 2012 se aprobó la Ley de Dinamización Comercial en la Comunidad de Madrid que permite a los negocios abrir las 24 horas del día los 365 del año, fijar el calendario de rebajas cuando deseen e iniciar actividad comercial sin necesidad de licencia. En este trabajo se presenta el diseño de una base de datos objeto-relacional para estudiar el impacto de esta medida en los comercios de acuerdo al tamaño y la localización. Los resultados muestran una ampliación de horarios limitada para la mayoría de establecimientos y zonas, así como un pequeño trasvase de comercio de negocios de pequeño tamaño a otros más grandes que también ocurriría sin la aplicación de esta medidaDuring the summer of 2012 the Commercial Revitalization Act (Ley de Dinamización Comercial) was passed in Madrid region. It allows businesses to open 24 hours a day 365 days a year and start the business activity without a license. In this paper we present the design of a object-oriented data model to study the impact of this measure on the trade according to size and location of the establishment. The database is not only spatial but time is included in the design as a main piece to determine the effects faithfully. The results show a limited extension of time for most establishments and areas as well as a small demand transfer small to larger ones that also occur in a lower degree without the application of this measur