A Review on “Ethosomes: An Emerging Approach for Drug Delivery through the Skinâ€Â

Ethosomes are the ethanolic phospholipid vesicles which are used mainly for transdermal delivery of drugs. Ethosomes have higher penetration rate through the skin as compared to liposomes hence these can be used widely in place of liposomes. The increased permeation of ethosomes is probably due to its ethanolic content. Ethanol increases the cell membrane lipid fluidity which results in increased skin penetrability of the ethosomes. Transdermal administration of drugs is generally limited by the barrier function of the skin. Vesicular systems are one of the most controversial methods for transdermal delivery of active substances. The interest in designing transdermal delivery systems was relaunched after the discovery of elastic vesicles: transferosomes and liposomes. This article reviews various aspect of ethosomes including their preparation, characterization, potential advantages and their applications in drug delivery. Because of their unique structure, ethosomes are able to encapsulate and deliver through the skin highly lipophilic molecules such as cannabinoids, testosterone, andminoxidil, as well as cationic drugs such as propranolol, trihexyphenidil, Cyclosporine A, insulin, salbutamol etc.. Ethosomes provides a number of important benefits including improving the drug’s efficacy, enhancing patient compliance and comfort and reducing the total cost of treatment

Study of clinical spectrum of Dengue fever in a tertiary care hospital in North Telangana

Objective: Dengue fever is one of the most common mosquitoe borne Arboviral infection which has become a public health concern globally with increased prevalence year after year with considerable morbidity and mortality. This study is designed to know the clinical and laboratory parameters of Dengue fever patients. Materials & Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted in a 70 bedded hospital in Karimnagar. This study included 280 patients presented to OPD between August 2016- December 2016 with Dengue NS1 Antigen and or IgM Antibody positive. Clinical features and laboratory parameters were noted. Results: Of the 280 patients studied, majority were males(63.57%). Fever was the major symptom(100%), followed by myalgias(87%), headache(82.8%), rash(42.8%), hiccoughs(32.1%), abdominal pain(22.1%), retroorbital pain(17.5%), bradycardia(53.2%), pleural effusion(16.78%) and ascites(11.4%). Significant derangements in platelet count(92.85%), leucocyte counts(22.5%) and serum transaminases(71.4%) were noted. Conclusion: Fever associated with myalgias, headache, rash over palms and soles, retroorbital pain along with thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, raised serum transaminases should prompt a clinician to evaluate for dengue infection. Prompt diagnosis and careful management is crucial in reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with these infections

In-vitro Comparative Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extracts of Glycosmis pentaphylla and Bauhinia variegata

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidant effect of the ethanolic extracts of the leaves of Glycosmis pentaphylla and Bauhinia variegata. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by various antioxidant assays, including 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), nitric oxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavenging method. The antioxidant activities were compared to standard antioxidant ascorbic acid. Ethanolic crude extract of the plant Leucas aspera showed maximum significant antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, nitric oxide and H2O2 scavenging methods. The findings of the present study suggested that these two plants could be a potential natural source of antioxidants and could have greater importance as therapeutic agent in preventing or slowing oxidative stress related degenerative diseases

Morphology of Placenta and its Relation with Small for Date Babies in 950 Live Births

Incidence of low birth weight (LBW) and birth defects in the new born is a major health problem. This also may cause considerable financial stress to the parents and health facilities due to prolonged treatment in neonatal facility. This study was undertaken to assess morphology of placenta and its relation with LBW, babies in full term normal and small for gestational age group babies.  This was a cross-sectional study of 950 placentae collected from Civil Hospital, Belgaum of which 636 were full term normal babies and 314 were of small for date babies. babies. Variables like placental weight and volume were studied. The results of the study indicated that both study variables mentioned above were significantly smaller in placenta of small for gestational age group infants. In full term control group, significant statistical correlation was found between birth weight to placental weight and placental volume. In small for gestational group babies also significant statistical correlation between birth weight to placental weight and placental volume was found but values were lower than control groups. Examination of placenta by obstetrician and pediatrician is important to throw light into prenatal life and provide information for the future care of mother and her offspring

Role of hypothyroidism in dyslipidemia and blood glucose regulation.

Context: Overt hypothyroidism is an established risk factor for insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia Aims: To evaluate the role of thyroid dysfunction on alteration of glucose and lipid metabolism leading to insulin resistance, an important risk factor for cardio vascular diseases. Setting and Design: In this study we included 50 subjects, aged 25 to 35 years. This is a case control study conducted in department of Biochemistry. Materials & Methods: Investigations like fasting and post prandial blood sugar, HbA1c and lipid profile (Cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL, LDL & VLDL) were done. Blood pressure was measured. Body weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. All the parameters were analyzed using XL 640 fully automated random access analyzer. Statistical analysis used: tudent t test was used using graph pad quickcalcs software. Results: The cases were selected based on T4 and TSH concentrations whose values were significantly decreased and elevated respectively. The patients with hypothyroidism exhibited significant increase in concentration of total cholesterol, LDL, fasting blood glucose and HbA1c while HDL (p<0.05) showed a decrease in its concentration in comparison to controls. BMI and diastolic blood pressure showed significant elevation in hypothyroid individuals when compared to controls. Conclusions: It is evident from this study that insulin resistance bears an indispensable role in connecting T2DM and thyroid dysfunction. Cardiovascular events are the counter reflection of resurgence of heavily disturbed lipid metabolism due to thyroid dyscrasias

HUBUNGAN TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN DENGAN TINGKAT KECEMASAN REMAJA DALAM MENGHADAPI MENARCHE PADA SISWI KELAS V DAN VI DI SD NEGERI 1 CEPER KLATEN TAHUN 2019

Latar Belakang: Prevalensi kecemasan di Indonesia diperkirakan 20% dari populasi dunia dan sebanyak 47,7% remaja merasa cemas. SD Negeri 1 Ceper adalah salah satu SD Negeri di Provinsi Jawa Tengah dengan 20% siswi mengatakan sangat cemas dan takut menghadapi menarche. Tujuan Penelitian: Diketahuinya hubungan tingkat pengetahuan dengan tingkat kecemasan remaja dalam menghadapi menarche pada siswi kelas V dan VI di SD Negeri 1 Ceper tahun 2019. Metode Penelitian: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif analitik dengan desain cross sectional, dilaksanakan bulan September 2018-Juli 2019. Jumlah populasi adalah 31 siswi kelas V dan VI di SD Negeri 1 Ceper. Teknik sampling menggunakan total sampling. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi-square. Hasil Penelitian: Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah mayoritas responden memiliki tingkat pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 15 orang (48,4%). Mayoritas responden mengalami kecemasan sedang sebanyak 16 orang (51,6%). Dari hasil uji chi square dengan α= 0.05 diperoleh nilai uji p sebesar (0,003) dengan keeratan hubungan sedang (0,494). Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara tingkat pengetahuan dengan tingkat kecemasan remaja dalam menghadapi menarche pada siswi kelas V dan VI di SD Negeri 1 Ceper Klaten tahun 2019

Prevalence, bacteriological profile and antibiogram of surgical site infections at tertiary care teaching hospital, south India: A cross sectional study

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the common causes of nosocomial infections. Nosocomial infections are responsible for a prolonged hospital stay and also associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and increased economic burden on the patients and family as well as overburden the hospital staff. Globally overall SSI rate varies from 2.5% – 41.9% resulting in high morbidity and mortality. However, a simple step such as hand washing, knowledge of bacteriological profile of SSIs in a hospital, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of those isolates would help clinicians in choosing the empirical antibiotic treatment and curtail the SSIs. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of SSI, to isolate the causative organisms, and to study their antibiotic susceptibility pattern in a hospital. Materials and methods: The present hospital-based, cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital in northern Telangana, India, from August 2017 to June 2018. All pus specimens from patients of clinically suspected SSIs that were received in the microbiology laboratory were processed as per standard microbiological techniques. The data recorded and maintained in the microbiology laboratory register was reviewed and analyzed for the study. Data was analyzed by calculating the percentages and applying the Chi-square test. The p-value <0.05 was considered as significant. Results : We observed that during the study period, 2249 major surgeries were conducted and out of these, a total of 77 pus specimens from patients clinically suspected of SSIs were received in the microbiology laboratory. 36 (46.7%) specimens were culture positive giving 36 isolates. The SSI prevalence rate was 3.4%. Females (54.5%) were affected more than males (45.5%). The most commonly isolated organism from SSI cases was E. coli (27.8%) followed by Klebsiella species (16.6%) and coagulase negative staphylococcus (CONS) (16.6%). Conclusion: In this study, SSI prevalence rate was 3.4%. The most commonly isolated organism from SSI cases was E.coli (27.8%). The gram-negative bacilli showed better sensitivity to imipenem and polymixin B. Majority of the gram-negative bacilli showed less sensitivity to the other commonly prescribed antibiotics like cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, cotrimoxazole, piperacillin-tazobactam, gentamicin. Knowledge of the common pathogens and their antibiotic susceptibility status can guide clinicians to choose appropriate antibiotics for the empirical treatment of patient

Fine needle aspiration cytology of Bone tumours in correlation with Histopathology

Introduction: Fine Needle Aspiration cytology (FNAC) of bone tumors has now entered a phase of enthusiasm from initial skepticism. We carried out FNAC of bone tumors as a three years prospective study in 74 patients clinically suspected with bone tumors. Obective: The objectives was to evaluate and establish FNAC as a routine procedure for bone tumors and to study the diagnostic accuracy by correlating cytological features with histopathology. Materials & Methods: Sterile 21- 23 gauge needles with 10 - 20 cc syringes were used. All cases were studied under radiological and clinical guidance and also correlated with histopathology. Smears were stained by Papanicolou (PAP),Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E)andLeishman stains. Results: Overall diagnostic accuracy of FNAC bone tumors was 85.13%, for benign tumors 73.68%, for primary malignant tumors 89.09% and was 100% for metastatic bone tumors. Conclusion: FNAC of bone tumors was proved to be safe, rapid, useful, inexpensive pre-operative procedure and a good experience of team work with Orthopaedic surgeons and Radiologist

ANALISIS PEMILIHAN LOKASI PUSAT LOGISTIK DIKAWASAN KORIDOR EKONOMI 2 PULAU JAWA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN ANP DAN TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similar to Ideal Solution)

Penelitian ini lebih menekankan pada bidang ilmu sistem logistik, kajiannya diarahkan dari penyusunan cetak biru sistem logistik nasional (Perpres No. 26 Tahun 2012), dimana visi pada tahap I ingin mencapai visi Locally Integrated yang memadai untuk berkoneksi di jejaring logistik ASEAN. Penelitian world bank (2014) menyatakan indonesia masih berada diranking 5 jika dibandingkan dengan negara ASEAN lainnya, penelitian tersebut menyatakan rendahnya daya saing logistik dikarenakan belum adanya dukungan pembangunan infrastruktur transportasi yang optimal dalam distribusi logistik nasional. Langkah awal mewujudkan sistem logistik nasional yaitu dengan memperbaiki infrastruktur yang ada di Indonesia khususnya di Pulau Jawa, karena menurut Badan Pusat Statistika tahun 2014 jumlah penduduk Indonesia terbesar berada di Pulau Jawa dan MP3EI (2014) dapat dikatakan koridor perekonomian pulau Jawa dapat menjadi center of gravity yang berpotensi untuk perkembangan ekonomi yang tinggi dalam skala nasional. Maka dari itu, penelitian ini membahas mengenai pemilihan alternatif pusat logistik dikawasan koridor ekonomi 2 pulau jawa, digunakan metode pengambilan keputusan Analytical Network Process (ANP) dan Technique for Order Preference by Similar to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) dengan beberapa kriteria pusat logistik dan alternatif disetiap wilayah. Kriteria dan alternatif diambil dari beberapa penelitian sebelumnya. Dalam penelitian ini didapatkan ranking dari alternatif setiap wilayah, ranking diwilayah banten & DKI Jakarta, Tanjung Priok 1.393, Marunda 1.318, Cilegon Dry Port 1.279 dan Jambe Tangerang 1.266. Wilayah Jawa Barat Cikarang Dry Port 1.465, Cirebon Dry Port 1.365, Gedebage 1.323, Bandara Kertajati 1.263 dan Cibitung 1.000. Wilayah Jawa Tengah & DIY kawasan industri tanjung mas 1.310, tanjung intan cilacap 1.120, kawasan industri kendal 1.102, sedayu 1.000, solo jabres 0.999. Wilayah Jawa Timur, JIIPE Gersik 1.137, bojonegoro 1.053, dan kalipuro banyuwangi 1.000. Kata Kunci: Sistem Logistik, ANP, TOPSI