<span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">Growth, survival and length weight relationship of<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold" lang="EN-US"> Fenneropenaeus<span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-ansi-language:EN-US;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style:italic" lang="EN-US"> <span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language: EN-IN;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style:italic">merguiensis</span></span></span></i><span style="font-size:15.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN;mso-fareast-language:EN-IN;mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"> at two different stocking densities in low saline zero water exchange brackishwater ponds</span></span>

1955-1966<span style="font-size:9.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="" lang="EN-US">An  onstation trial of banana shrimp, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis was conducted for 130 days in zero water exchange brackishwater ponds at two stocking densities, 10 (T10) and 20 (T20) nos. m<span style="font-size:11.0pt;line-height: 115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;mso-bidi-font-family:="" "times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:en-us;="" mso-bidi-language:ar-sa"="" lang="EN-US">-2<span style="font-size:9.0pt; line-height:115%;font-family:" times="" new="" roman";mso-fareast-font-family:calibri;="" mso-bidi-font-family:"times="" roman";mso-ansi-language:en-us;mso-fareast-language:="" en-us;mso-bidi-language:ar-sa;mso-bidi-font-style:italic"="" lang="EN-US">. Water parameters like total ammonia nitrogen (TAN), NO2-N and NO3-N did not differ significantly (p>0.05) among treatments while T20 had significantly higher (P4-P  and significantly lower (P<0.01) dissolved oxygen compared with T10.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic"> At the end of grow out period, banana shrimp reached a final average body weight of 14.1±0.84 g in T10 and 11.0±0.14 g in T20 with 50.5 % higher (p20 (990±7.07 kg/ha) compared with T10 (658±65.05 kg/ha).  Regression trend for length weight analysis indicated that growth exhibited a positive allometric pattern and female showed better condition factor than male in both the treatments. Similar Fulton condition factors observed in both the treatments reflects better feed utilization and suitable culture environment even at higher stocking density.  Present findings elucidate the potentials of high density culture of banana shrimp in coastal districts in India.</span

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Not AvailableA 60-day indoor experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of biofloc on metabolic enzyme activities and immune responses in Penaeus monodon juveniles. Biofloc developed in indoor fibreglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks (1000 L) was used as dietary supplement in P. monodon (2.90 0.10 g) reared in 1000-L FRP tanks. Graded level of dried biofloc was included in shrimp basal diets, 0% (control, B0), 4% (B4), 8% (B8) and 12% (B12). The level of metabolic enzymes like malate dehydrogenase (MDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was not significantly different with control up to 8% dietary supplementation. A higher level of total haemocyte count (THC) was noticed in B8 (22.16 2.17 9 106 cells mL 1) and B4 (21.11 0.56 9 106 cells mL 1) compared with control, C (14.61 2.74 9 106 cells mL 1). Biofloc supplemented groups recorded significantly higher (P < 0.05) serum SOD and catalase activity (P < 0.01) in comparison with control. The groups fed with 4% dietary biofloc supplement recorded highest relative percentage survival (RPS), 45% after challenge with Vibrio harveyi followed by 36% and 27% RPS in B8 and B12 groups. Based on these results, it can be concluded that supplementation of biofloc even at 4% level in the feed improves immune responses and metabolic activities in black tiger shrimp juveniles.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA 120-day experiment was conducted to understand the growth and immunomodulatory response of Penaeus vannamei reared in biofloc-integrated periphyton system–like natural substrates like bamboo (NS1), sugarcane bagasse (NS2), artificial substrates like polyvinyl chloride mat (AS1), agricultural shed net (AS2), and a control group without biofloc and substrate. Experiments were carried out in 500-L fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) tanks at a stocking density of 100 nos/m3 (0.256 g). Shrimps reared in natural substrate-based treatments, (NS1 and NS2) recorded highest average body weight (ABW) and survival followed by artificial ones (AS1 and AS2), and were significantly higher (P < 0.01) compared with control. Significantly higher chlorophylla, ash-free dry matter (AFDM), and THB load were recorded in NS (1 and 2) followed by AS (1 and 2). Contrastingly, the Vibrio load was higher in control than treatments. Relative percentage survival was higher (P < 0.01) in treatments when challenged against V. parahaemolyticus. Serum protein level, phenoloxidase activity, and superoxide dismutase assay were significantly higher in natural and artificial substrate groups when compared to control. Immunomodulatory effects through immune gene study revealed a two fold to four fold upregulation in cytMn-SOD and mtMn-SOD genes in NS groups. Similarly, the lysozyme and prophenoloxidase genes were significantly upregulated in the treatment groups. The results conclude that biofloc with natural followed by artificial periphytic substrates were observed to deliver better performances, protective response, and immunomodulatory effects in pacific white shrimp P. vannamei culture.Not Availabl

Growth performance of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in substrate based zerowater exchange system

1495-1503To evaluate the effect of periphyton based system, an on–station grow-out trial of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon was carried out for 130 days using with (Ts) and without (Tc) submerged substrates. P. monodon was stocked at 8 nos. m-2, and bamboo substrates (1.8 × 0.06 m) were fixed in treatment ponds @ 2000 numbers ha-1 for development of periphyton. Provision of substrate increased the transparency (p<0.01) and reduced the turbidity (p<0.05) in treatment ponds compared to control. Similarly, comparatively lower level of total ammonia –N and nitrate–N were recorded in substrate based ponds compared to control. Periphyton biomass in terms of dry matter and ash free dry matter over substrates were 5.9±0.7 and 3.0±0.4 mg cm–2 respectively. Chlorophyll a level in water column was 15.22±6.97 and 19.06±8.68 µg L-1 in Ts and Tc ponds respectively. At the end of the grow out trial, a higher average production of 1640 kg ha-1 with an average body weight (ABW) 25.85±2.62 g was obtained in Ts compared with control, Tc (1390 kg ha-1 production and 22.00 ±2.83 g ABW). About, 29% improvement in feed conversion ratio (1.15±0.42) noticed in substrate based ponds compared to control ponds (1.48±0.02). Regression trend for length–weight analysis indicated that growth exhibited an isometric pattern with better Fulton condition factor (0.83) in tiger shrimp reared in substrate based system than in control ponds (0.82). Better growth performance of tiger shrimp in substrate based system indicates utilisation of available natural food and natural productivity as periphyton by cultured shrimps

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Not AvailableThe present study focuses on the immunity and growth of Penaeus indicus fed with varying protein levels (25%, 30%, and 35%) in a biofloc based rearing system. A 120 days growth trial was carried out using juvenile Penaeus indicus (0.71 ± 0.01) with dietary protein level, 25% (LP), 30% (MP), and 35% (HP), and a control diet-fed with 35% acted as control group resulting in 4 treatments each with four replicates and were randomly assigned 16 tank units (7500 L each). A combination of different carbon sources (molasses, wheat flour, and rice bran in 2:1:1 ratio), yeast and a probiotic (Bacillus sp.) consortium were used for the development of biofloc. At the end of the trial, the growth parameters of shrimps viz., initial weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and daily growth coefficient (DGC) were computed. The results indicated that shrimp fed with medium (30%) protein (MP) diet recorded significantly (P < 0.05) improved growth performance compared to high protein fed group (35%) and low protein (25%) fed group (LP) in a biofloc system and control group (35%). The immunological parameters such as hemagglutination activity (HA) assay, serum protein, lysozyme, phenol oxidase (PO), and inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in serum, plasma, and hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS). The HA activity, PO activity in plasma was found to be higher in high protein fed animals, whereas medium protein resulted in enhanced PO activity in serum. Similarly, lysozyme and SOD were inhibited well in high protein fed animals compared to the low protein fed group. The vital immune genes’s mRNA profiling showed a potential rise in the expressional pattern in MP and HP treatments compared to LP and control. BGBP (beta-1,3- glucan binding protein) and hemocyanin mRNA transcript levels were highly upregulated in the HP (5 fold) and moderately expressed in MP (2 fold) and LP (1–2 fold). The transcripts of peroxinectin, antimicrobial peptides like crustin showed significant upregulation in HP followed by in MP and LP and control. Likewise, other immune genes, such as SOD, prophenoloxidase (proPO), showed a similar trend in a marginal way, indicating immunomodulation in the biofloc groups. This study suggested that biofloc with high protein (35%) supplementation can substantially enhance the immune response of shrimps, although medium protein level (30%) is optimum for improving the survival, growth, and in turn economic return in Indian white shrimp.Not Availabl