Effect of Late Season Supplementation on Performance of Yearling Steers Grazing Mixed Native Range or Cool Season, Russian Wildrye Pastures

Seventy-six yearling, black-baldy steers were utilized in a grazing experiment to study the effect of Level of Late summer, early fall protein supplement (1 versus 2 lb., 40% all natural) and type of f all pasture (mixed native range versus Russian wildrye) on average daily gain. Cattle were purchased i n May as part of a larger group and gained at the rate of 1.4 lb. per head daily prior to initiation of the study on September 1, 1987. Average daily gain was not affected by pasture type. Steers grazing native range and Russian wildrye gained .81 and .72 lb. per head daily, respectively, during September and October. Daily gain was significantly (P\u3c.05) greater for steers receiving 2 lb. of supplement than for steers receiving 1 lb. (1.01 vs .515 lb..per head daily, respectively). Providing 2 lb. of a 40% all natural protein supplement improved range utilization for growth

Assessment of Physical Fitness Status of Rdt Hockey Academy Adapted Schoolboys in the Rayalasema District of Andhra Pradesh

This investigation was purported to evaluate the Physical Fitness Status of Schoolboys adapted by RDT Hockey Academy in the Rayalasema District of Andhra Pradesh, India. For this reason, 916 schoolboys from thirty-two (32) schools in four (4) different districts adapted by RDT hockey academy in the Rayalasema District of Andhra Pradesh, India were considered as subjects. These subjects were in the age group of 11 to 16 years, and they were assessed for their physical fitness status. The fitness parameters were restrained to height, weight, speed, explosive power, flexibility, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance using standardized tests and procedures. The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis by means of One-way ANOVA, and Bonferroni corrections post hoc test. The confidence interval was fixed at P<0.05 in all cases. The research findings ensure statistically considerable age difference on selected variables, and it implies that age differences influence almost all fitness parameters

Observations Concerning the Effects of Ruminal Evacuation on Intake and Ruminal Recovery of Dry Matter

The effect of repeated total ruminal evacuations on feed intake and animal behavior and rate of ruminal recovery expressed as percentage of feed bunk dry matter disappearance were observed in an observation trial with six Angus crossbred steers. Evacuation stimulated meal size and daily intake in comparison to that of a previous feeding. Feed intake decreased with consecutive evacuations. Two evacuation cycles at a 2-day interval may be the practical Limit to frequency of evacuations without a 1 to 2-week recovery period. Rate of recovery of dry matter from the rumen over a 4-hour period was extremely variable and not correlated with feed intake during the same period

Comparison of Yearling Steer Gains in Early Summer Under Season-Long native, Season-Long Crested Wheatgrass and June-Deferred Native Grazing Systems

Season-long native, season-long crested wheatgrass and June-deferred native grazing systems were compared with regard to average daily gains, gains per acre and total gains. Due to drought conditions, the typical 4-month spring-summer season was reduced to a season of approximately 2 months beginning in June. Few differences were detected between the systems for ADG in each month or over the season. Gains per acre were greatest (P\u3c.05) on crested wheatgrass pastures (33.75 Ib/acre), but no differences were detected between native pastures (1 0.61 -1 6.61 Ib/acre) regardless of whether they had been grazed for 2 months or one (using similar stocking rates). This study indicates that, using weight gain data from 1989 and a 2-month grazing season, the greatest potential gain for the season is realized with a system where cattle graze crested wheatgrass in June and native pastures in July. If this system was applied on 320 acres crested wheatgrass and 640 acres excellent condition native pasture, it would have the potential to produce approximately 23,196 Ib of gain on yearling steers compared with season-long (June-July) production of 9,408 Ib on @I0 acres and 14,112 Ib on 960 acres native pasture

Persistence of Various Alfalfa Populations in South Dakota Rangeland

Inclusion of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in grasslands has long been valued to increase forage production and quality. Persistence of alfalfa in semiarid rangeland has generally been poor when non‐adapted and/or conventional hay‐type cultivars are utilized, however. Demand exists for alfalfa cultivars that establish readily and persist, particularly under grazing, in semiarid rangelands. A wild population of predominantly yellow‐flowered alfalfa (Medicago sativa subsp. falcata) was found growing and reproducing naturally in the Grand River National Grassland in northwestern South Dakota. This predominantly falcata alfalfa therefore demonstrates persistence in this semiarid environment. We initiated a study in May 2006 at the SDSU Antelope Livestock & Range Field Station near Buffalo, SD to evaluate persistence and vigor of eleven alfalfa populations transplanted into mixed‐grass prairie. Populations consisted of four predominantly falcata experimental populations (three are naturally selected and locally adapted; one is artificially selected), one pure falcata experimental population, one pure falcata cultivar, two pasture‐type cultivars, and three conventional hay‐type cultivars. Greenhouse grown seedlings were transplanted on 1 m‐centers within three exclosures (35 m X 35 m) divided into two sections; one exposed to grazing, the other protected from grazing. Grazing by cattle was initiated in August 2007. During the 2008 and 2009 growing seasons, intense grazing of alfalfa plants and associated vegetation occurred monthly for 1‐2 days. Survival, height, and canopy volume of grazed and protected alfalfa plants were measured before each grazing event. Despite a harsh winter with persistent ice cover, data from May 2009 revealed that falcata‐based populations had the highest survival under grazing (mean survival = 36%). Pasture‐type cultivars and conventional hay‐type cultivars experienced substantial mortality losses under grazing (mean survival = 8%). Low mortality and high vigor of all protected plant populations indicates that grazing weakened the grazed plants, greatly increasing the risk of winterkill and winter injury. These findings reveal that environmental adaptation, in addition to a degree of grazing tolerance, is necessary for persistence under grazing in this semiarid region. Populations that exhibit high persistence under both grazing and severe winter conditions offer great potential for being utilized in the northern Great Plains

Masking Power of Dental Opaque Porcelains

A technique was developed to qualify the masking power of undiluted opaque dental porcelain by dilution of opaque powder with a clear glaze powder and by extrapolation of quantitative data gathered by reflectance spectrophotometry. Quantification of reflectance data was made on dilute opaque porcelains using the scattering and absorption coefficients in the Kubelka-Munk equation. Qualitative comparisons of undiluted opaque porcelains were made from quantitative data gathered from diluted opaque porcelains.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67998/2/10.1177_00220345840630062601.pd

Effects of Molybdenum Supplementation on Performance of Forage‐fed SteersReceiving High‐sulfur Water

There has been on‐going research in the area of the consumption of high‐sulfur (S) water by steers grazing rangeland as well as forage‐fed steers in a feedlot setting. During the summer of 2009, a trial was conducted on the effects of high‐S water in finishing steers supplemented with molybdenum (Mo). The main purpose of the research was to gather data that may aid in the formulation of a supplement to counteract the negative effects of high‐S water consumed by ruminant livestock species in areas where sulfur concentration in water sources is a risk to animal health and performance. The specific focus of this trial was to determine whether the feeding of supplemental Mo would improve animal health and performance by decreasing the formation of hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) in the rumen. Yearling steers (n=96) were used for a 56‐d trial. The trial consisted of 3 treatment groups; a low‐S water group and two high‐S water groups. One high‐S water treatment group received the same pellet that the low‐S group was given and the other high‐S water treatment group received a pellet with supplemental Mo included. Rumen gas cap H2S was collected on d ‐1, 29 and 57. Weights were recorded on d ‐2, ‐1, 29, 56 and 57. There were no differences between treatments in water intake (P= 0.719), but feed intake was reduced in the steers receiving the supplemental Mo (P \u3c 0.001). There was a significant difference in ruminal H2S due to treatment (P= 0.014), with higher ruminal H2S in the steers receiving the supplemental Mo. Steers receiving the Mo supplement had lower ADG than steers in the other treatments (P= 0.009). Throughout the duration of the trial, two steers were removed from the trial due to advanced symptoms of sulfur‐induced PEM (sPEM) from the high‐S treatment with no supplemental M

Effect of Late Season Protein and Energy Supplementation on Performance of Yearling Steers Grazing Mixed Native Range or Cool Season, Crested Wheatgrass Pastures

Seventy-two yearling, black baldy steers were utilized in a grazing experiment to study the effect of late summer, early fall protein (2.33 Ib., 40% all natural, fed each Monday, Wednesday and Friday) or energy (4.4 Ib. corn fed daily) supplementation on average daily gain. Two pasture types, mixed native range and crested wheatgrass, were also examined. Cattle were purchased in May as part of a larger group and gained an average of 2.16 Ib. per head daily prior to initiation of the study on September 9, 1988. Average daily gain was significantly greater (P = .012) for cattle grazing crested wheatgrass than for steers grazing native range (1.38 vs .62 Ib. per head daily, respectively). Differences in daily gain due to supplement fed were not statistically significant (P = .298). Daily gains for the control, corn and protein group across both pasture types were .77, 1.02 and 1.22 Ib. per head daily, respectively

Long‐term Production and Profitability from Grazing Cattle in the Northern Mixed GrassPrairie

Conventional wisdom among rangeland professionals has been that for long‐term sustainability of grazing livestock operations, rangeland should be kept in high good to low excellent range condition. Our objective was to analyze production parameters, economic costs, returns, and profit using data generated over a thirty‐four year period (1969‐2002) from grazing a Clayey range site in the mixed‐grass prairie of western South Dakota with variable stocking rates required to maintain pastures in low‐fair, good, and excellent range condition classes. Cattle weights were measured at turnout and at the end of the grazing season. Gross income per acre was calculated by multiplying total gain per acre times price using historical National Agricultural Statistics Services feeder cattle prices. Annual variable costs were estimated from a historical yearling cattle budget developed by South Dakota State University (SDSU) agricultural economists. All economic values were adjusted to a constant dollar using the Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Consumer Price Index. Stocking rate, average daily gain, total gain, net profit, gross revenue, and annual costs per acre varied among range condition classes. Net income for low‐fair range condition ($11.18 per acre) and good range condition ($11.86 per acre) were not different, but both were greater (P \u3c 0.01) than excellent range condition ($ 9.31 per acre). Over the life of the study, real profit (adjusted for inflation) steadily increased (P \u3c 0.01) for the low‐fair and good treatments while it remained level for the excellent treatment. Neither drought nor wet springs impacted profit differently for the three treatments. These results support generally observed rancher behavior regarding range condition: to maintain their rangeland in a lower range condition than would be normally recommend by rangeland professionals. Ecosystem goods and services of increasing interest to society and associated with high range condition, such as floristic diversity, hydrologic function, and wildlife cover, come at an opportunity cost to the rancher