Endoscopy training in the Netherlands: a national survey among gastroenterology residents

Background and study aims Training in endoscopy is a key objective of gastroenterology residency. There is currently no standardized or systematic training approach. This study evaluated and compared the current status of gastrointestinal endoscopy training programs in all teaching hospitals in the Netherlands from a resident perspective.Materials and methods A national online survey with open and closed questions on gastrointestinal endoscopy training was administered to all gastroenterology residents (N = 180) in the eight educational regions in the Netherlands.Results One hundred residents who had already started endoscopy training were included in the analyses. Sixty-five residents (65 %) were satisfied with their endoscopy training program. Participation in a preclinical endoscopy course was mandatory in seven of eight educational regions. Residents from the region without a mandatory endoscopy training course were significantly less likely to be satisfied with their endoscopy training program (32 %, P = .011). Criteria used to determine the level of supervision differed greatly between teaching hospitals (e. g. assessed endoscopy competence, predefined period of time or number of procedures). Only 26 residents (26 %) reported uniformity in teaching methods and styles between different supervising gastroenterologists in their teaching hospital.Conclusions Although most gastroenterology residents were satisfied with the endoscopy training program and endoscopy supervision in their teaching hospital, this study identified considerable local and regional variability. Future studies should be conducted to evaluate the trainers’ perspective and trainers’ behavior during endoscopy training sessions, which might eventually lead to the development of best practices regarding endoscopy training, including standardization of training programs and supervision methods.</p

Hyperbilirubinemie bij gezonde voldragen pasgeborenen: richtlijnen voor diagnostiek en behandeling

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Workplace mentoring of residents in generic competencies by an independent coach

INTRODUCTION: During postgraduate education in pulmonology, supervisors are responsible for training residents in generic competencies such as communication, professionalism and collaboration, but their focus commonly lies more on medical-technical competencies. As an alternative approach to supporting residents to develop generic skills, we developed a personal mentoring program with a non-medical professional as mentor. In this study, the residents' experiences with the mentoring program were evaluated.METHODS: After an introductory session in which individual learning goals were established, pulmonology residents received at least six, 60-90-minute, individual, mentoring sessions largely consisting of feedback after being observed during daily clinical activities, over a period of 9 months. The residents' experiences with mentoring were explored through in-depth interviews followed by a qualitative content analysis.RESULTS: From March to November 2016, ten residents in pulmonology completed the program. Despite initial scepticism, mentoring encouraged residents to reflect deeply on their professional interactions. This caused an increased awareness of the effects of their communication and behaviour on patients. Experimenting with communication and different behaviours in subsequent interactions felt rewarding and contributed to further development, resulting in increased self-confidence and job satisfaction.DISCUSSION: Mentoring residents by non-medical coaching was associated with improved residents' proficiency in generic competencies.Public Health and primary carePrevention, Population and Disease management (PrePoD

Kind en ziekte: onderzoek voor gezondheid

Het onderzoek in Nederland dat zich richt op ziekte bij kinderen zou veel meer \ud kunnen opleveren wanneer de betrokkenen in een gezamenlijke inspanning een \ud aantal knelpunten uit de weg zouden ruimen en de aanwezige kansen zouden grijpen. Dat is de centrale boodschap van dit advies van de Raad voor Gezondheidsonderzoek \ud (RGO). Ter voorbereiding van het advies voerde een commissie van de RGO gesprekken met vertegenwoordigers van de disciplines die bij de preventie en behandeling van ziekten bij kinderen betrokken zijn. De commissie zond vragenlijsten naar de onderzoeksgroepen op dit gebied om zich een beeld te vormen van het lopende onderzoek. Om dat te completeren en zicht te krijgen op gehonoreerde voorstellen voor onderzoek bij kinderen, sprak de commissie met vertegenwoordigers van ZonMw, de Centrale Commissie Mensgebonden Onderzoek (CCMO) en de farmaceutische industrie (Nefarma). Zij verdiepte zich in de kwaliteit van het huidige onderzoek op het gebied van jeugdgezondheidszorg en kindergeneeskunde door middel van een bibliometrische analyse. Voorts ging de commissie na welke plaats het thema ‘kind en ziekte’ heeft in het beleid van de ministeries van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport (VWS), Jeugd en Gezin (J&G) en Sociale Zaken en Werkgelegenheid (SZW). Op basis van dit voorwerk en bestudering van relevante wetenschappelijke literatuur komt de RGO in dit advies tot een aantal conclusies

[Observing a resident doing a consultation with a patient: goal determines form]

Observation of residents by supervisors is a highly recommended, but underused educational tool in postgraduate medical education. Observation can be performed indirectly (using video recordings of residents performing clinical tasks) or directly (supervisor is present when the resident performs the task). The choice of the observation method depends on aim and context of the observation. In general practice, patients tend to involve the supervisor when the resident performs the consultation. They value such participatory direct observation because they know the supervisor and appreciate their input. For specific residents' learning aims (e.g. consultation efficiency), it may be more useful if the supervisor takes a "fly on the wall" approach. Supervisors wishing to take a "fly on the wall" approach to direct observation need to inform the patient about their role and position themselves outside the patient's field of view. Indirect observation by reviewing video-recorded consultations is an alternative for this purpose

Shared Decision-making in Different Types of Decisions in Medical Specialist Consultations

Backgrounds Research on shared decision-making (SDM) has mainly focused on decisions about treatment (e.g., medication or surgical procedures). Little is known about the decision-making process for the numerous other decisions in consultations. Objectives We assessed to what extent patients are actively involved in different decision types in medical specialist consultations and to what extent this was affected by medical specialist, patient, and consultation characteristics. Design Analysis of video-recorded encounters between medical specialists and patients at a large teaching hospital in the Netherlands. Participants Forty-one medical specialists (28 male) from 18 specialties, and 781 patients. Main Measure Two independent raters classified decisions in the consultations in decision type (main or other) and decision category (diagnostic tests, treatment, follow-up, or other advice) and assessed the decision-making behavior for each decision using the Observing Patient Involvement (OPTION)(5) instrument, ranging from 0 (no SDM) to 100 (optimal SDM). Scheduled and realized consultation duration were recorded. Key Result In the 727 consultations, the mean (SD) OPTION5 score for the main decision was higher (16.8 (17.1)) than that for the other decisions (5.4 (9.0), p < 0.001). The main decision OPTION5 scores for treatment decisions (n = 535, 19.2 (17.3)) were higher than those for decisions about diagnostic tests (n = 108, 14.6 (16.8)) or follow-up (n = 84, 3.8 (8.1), p < 0.001). This difference remained significant in multilevel analyses. Longer consultation duration was the only other factor significantly associated with higher OPTION5 scores (p < 0.001). Conclusion Most of the limited patient involvement was observed in main decisions (versus others) and in treatment decisions (versus diagnostic, follow-up, and advice). SDM was associated with longer consultations. Physicians' SDM training should help clinicians to tailor promotion of patient involvement in different types of decisions. Physicians and policy makers should allow sufficient consultation time to support the application of SDM in clinical practice.Analysis and support of clinical decision makin

Preventie van allergie bij kinderen

The recent increase in allergic disease prevalence has led to increased interest into the factors determining allergy risk, fed by the hope that influencing these factors would reduce the prevalence of allergic conditions. A smoke free environment for the child (to be) is an important preventive measure. Exclusive breastfeeding for at least four months is recommended for many reasons, but its preventive effect on allergy is not well established. Although meta-analyses suggest that hypoallergenic formula could be used as an alternative when breastfeeding is not or no longer possible, the evidence is weak. Moreover, all preventive feeding measures have in common that their effects on allergic manifestations later in life seem to be virtually nonexistent. Counselling with regard to allergy prevention of (future) parents should highlight these limitations.</p

Do consultants do what they say they do? Observational study of the extent to which clinicians involve their patients in the decision-making process

Objectives To assess whether consultants do what they say they do in reaching decisions with their patients. Design Cross-sectional analysis of hospital outpatient encounters, comparing consultants' self-reported usual decision-making style to their actual observed decision-making behaviour in video-recorded encounters. Setting Large secondary care teaching hospital in the Netherlands. Participants 41 consultants from 18 disciplines and 781 patients. Primary and secondary outcome measure With the Control Preference Scale, the self-reported usual decision-making style was assessed (paternalistic, informative or shared decision making). Two independent raters assessed decision-making behaviour for each decision using the Observing Patient Involvement (OPTION)(5) instrument ranging from 0 (no shared decision making (SDM)) to 100 (optimal SDM). Results Consultants reported their usual decision-making style as informative (n=11), shared (n=16) and paternalistic (n=14). Overall, patient involvement was low, with mean (SD) OPTION5 scores of 16.8 (17.1). In an unadjusted multilevel analysis, the reported usual decision-making style was not related to the OPTION5 score (p>0.156). After adjusting for patient, consultant and consultation characteristics, higher OPTION5 scores were only significantly related to the category of decisions (treatment vs the other categories) and to longer consultation duration (p<0.001). Conclusions The limited patient involvement that we observed was not associated with the consultants' self-reported usual decision-making style. Consultants appear to be unconsciously incompetent in shared decision making. This can hinder the transfer of this crucial communication skill to students and junior doctors.Analysis and support of clinical decision makin