Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2016

In 2016, the order Mononegavirales was emended through the addition of two new families (Mymonaviridae and Sunviridae), the elevation of the paramyxoviral subfamily Pneumovirinae to family status (Pneumoviridae), the addition of five free-floating genera (Anphevirus, Arlivirus, Chengtivirus, Crustavirus, and Wastrivirus), and several other changes at the genus and species levels. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

Large-Eddy Simulations of Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in Heliophysics and Astrophysics

We live in an age in which high-performance computing is transforming the way we do science. Previously intractable problems are now becoming accessible by means of increasingly realistic numerical simulations. One of the most enduring and most challenging of these problems is turbulence. Yet, despite these advances, the extreme parameter regimes encountered in space physics and astrophysics (as in atmospheric and oceanic physics) still preclude direct numerical simulation. Numerical models must take a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) approach, explicitly computing only a fraction of the active dynamical scales. The success of such an approach hinges on how well the model can represent the subgrid-scales (SGS) that are not explicitly resolved. In addition to the parameter regime, heliophysical and astrophysical applications must also face an equally daunting challenge: magnetism. The presence of magnetic fields in a turbulent, electrically conducting fluid flow can dramatically alter the coupling between large and small scales, with potentially profound implications for LES/SGS modeling. In this review article, we summarize the state of the art in LES modeling of turbulent magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) ows. After discussing the nature of MHD turbulence and the small-scale processes that give rise to energy dissipation, plasma heating, and magnetic reconnection, we consider how these processes may best be captured within an LES/SGS framework. We then consider several special applications in heliophysics and astrophysics, assessing triumphs, challenges,and future directions

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Not AvailableVertisols have the capacity to shrink andswell, inducing cracks and distinctive soil structure throughout the soil profile. In India they occur in various agro-ecological regions such as humid tropical (HT), sub-humid moist (SHM), sub-humid dry (SHD), semi-arid moist (SAM), semi-arid dry (SAD) and arid dry (AD) climatic environments and thus indicates an array of soils in a climosequence. In this study benchmark Vertisols, Panjari is from sub-humid (dry), Kheriis from sub-humid (moist) region, Teligi and Akola soils are from semi-arid (dry) and Nimone is from arid agro-ecological region. All the Vertisols in general are characterized by dark colour, angular to sub-angular blocky structure, clayin texture and calcareous. These soils have high bulk density and high water retention capacity. These soils have deep wide-opened desiccation cracks at the surface which extend deep into the profiles and the depth of cracks increases with aridity. Soils of all climates are dominated by Ca2+ ion in their exchange complex throughout the depth. However, in the sub-humid climate Mg2+ ions tends to dominate in the lower horizon. Whereas the semi-arid dry (Akola) soils have high Na+ ions in their exchange complex. The soils are slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline in nature and poor in organic matter. The CEC varied from 59.3 to 68.2cmol (p+) kg-1 in soil of Panjari series which is highest followed by Teligi series profile. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shows gradual increase with depth in all the soil profiles, though it is preferentially accumulated in the sub-surface horizons of lower rainfall region soils.In climosequence the soils of the sub-humid region are generally TypicHaplusterts, soils of semi-arid region are Typic/Sodic/Calcic Haplusterts and soils of arid region are Sodic/ Calcic/ AridicHaplusterts. The present study demonstrates how the soil properties of Vertisols in a different climate may help in inferring the change in climate in a geologic period.Not Availabl

Intersection Dimension of Bipartite Graphs

We introduce a concept of intersection dimension of a graphwith respect to a graph class. This generalizes Ferrers dimension, boxicity, and poset dimension, and leads to interesting new problems. We focus in particular on bipartite graph classes defined as intersection graphs of two kinds of geometric objects. We relate well-known graph classes such as interval bigraphs, two-directional orthogonal ray graphs, chain graphs, and (unit) grid intersection graphs with respect to these dimensions. As an application of these graphtheoretic results, we show that the recognition problems for certain graph classes are NP-complete.Theory and Applications of Models of Computation, 11th Annual Conference, TAMC 2014, Chennai, India, April 11-13, 2014. Proceeding

Strong Perpendicular Velocity-space Diffusion in Proton Beams Observed by Parker Solar Probe

International audienceAbstract The SWEAP instrument suite on Parker Solar Probe (PSP) has detected numerous proton beams associated with coherent, circularly polarized, ion-scale waves observed by PSP’s FIELDS instrument suite. Measurements during PSP Encounters 4−8 revealed pronounced complex shapes in the proton velocity distribution functions (VDFs), in which the tip of the beam undergoes strong perpendicular diffusion, resulting in VDF level contours that resemble a “hammerhead.” We refer to these proton beams, with their attendant “hammerhead” features, as the ion strahl. We present an example of these observations occurring simultaneously with a 7 hr ion-scale wave storm and show results from a preliminary attempt at quantifying the occurrence of ion-strahl broadening through three-component ion VDF fitting. We also provide a possible explanation of the ion perpendicular scattering based on quasilinear theory and the resonant scattering of beam ions by parallel-propagating, right circularly polarized, fast magnetosonic/whistler waves