Two-particle photodisintegration of light nuclei with conserved EM current

The expression of gauge-invariant amplitude of nonlocal field disintegration into fragments is developed. Calculations are made on the basis of universality principle of photon interaction with charged matter fields. In addition, the charge and mass inseparability property is used. We also took into account the indifference property of electromagnetic (EM) field. The possibility to construct the interaction Lagrangian of EM and nonlocal field is discussed. Physical meaning of the regular part of amplitude is described. It considered as nonlocality measure of the bound state. The easiest opportunity to construct the regular part of amplitude is proposed.В соответствии с принципом универсальности взаимодействия фотона с заряженным полем материи, дополненного свойством неотделимости заряда от массы, а также свойством индифферентности ЭМ- взаимодействий, получено выражение для калибровочно-замкнутой амплитуды расщепления нелокального поля на фрагменты. Обсуждается возможность построения лагранжиана взаимодействия ЭМ-поля с нелокальным полем. Выявлен физический смысл регулярной части амплитуды, как меры нелокальности связанного состояния. Предложена простейшая возможность построения регулярной амплитуды.Вiдповiдно принципу унiверсальностi взаємодiї фотона з зарядженим полем матерiї, доповненого властивiстю невiд'ємностi заряду вiд маси, а також властивiстю iндиферентностi ЕМ-взаємодiй одержано вираз для калiбрувально-замкнутої амплiтуди розщеплення нелокального поля на фрагменти. Обговорюється можливiсть побудови лагранжиану взаємодiї ЕМ-поля з нелокальним полем. Виявлено фiзичний змiст регулярної частини амплiтуди, як мiри нелокальностi зв'язаного стану. Пропонується найпростiша можливiсть побудови регулярної амплiтуди

Electron scattering disintegration processes on light nuclei in covariant approach

We provide general analysis of electro-break up process of compound scalar system. We use covariant approach with conserved EM current, which gives the ability to include strong interaction into QED. Therefore, we receive the ability to describe disintegration processes on nonlocal matter fields applying standard Feynman rules of QED. Inclusion of phase exponent into wave function receives a physical sense while we deal with the dominance of strong interaction in the process. We apply Green’s function (GF) formalism to describe disintegration processes. Generalized gauge invariant electro-break up process amplitude is considered. One is a sum of traditional pole series and the regular part. We explore the deposits of regular part of amplitude, and its physical sense. A transition from virtual to real photon considered in photon point limit. The general analysis for electro-break up process of component scalar system is given. Precisely conserved nuclear electromagnetic currents at arbitrary square of transited momentum are received. The only undefined quantity in theory is vertex function. Therefore, we have the opportunity to describe electron scattering processes taking into account minimal necessary set of parameters

Electron scattering disintegration processes on light nuclei in covariant approach

We provide general analysis of electro-break up process of compound scalar system. We use covariant approach with conserved EM current, which gives the ability to include strong interaction into QED. Therefore, we receive the ability to describe disintegration processes on nonlocal matter fields applying standard Feynman rules of QED. Inclusion of phase exponent into wave function receives a physical sense while we deal with the dominance of strong interaction in the process. We apply Green’s function (GF) formalism to describe disintegration processes. Generalized gauge invariant electro-break up process amplitude is considered. One is a sum of traditional pole series and the regular part. We explore the deposits of regular part of amplitude, and its physical sense. A transition from virtual to real photon considered in photon point limit. The general analysis for electro-break up process of component scalar system is given. Precisely conserved nuclear electromagnetic currents at arbitrary square of transited momentum are received. The only undefined quantity in theory is vertex function. Therefore, we have the opportunity to describe electron scattering processes taking into account minimal necessary set of parameters

4He(γ,d)d and 3He(γ,p)d reactions in nonlocal covariant model

Photonuclear reaction research is of great interest to obtain information about the structure of nuclei. The investigation of structural effects requires certain insights into the reaction mechanisms, that have to be identified on the basis of the fundamental principles of covariance and gauge invariance. The major achievement of the chosen model is the ability to reproduce the cross-section dependence using the minimal necessary set of parameters. We analyze the two-particle disintegration of 3He nuclei by photons. Our interest was raised by the fact that 3He is the simplest many-particle system which admits an exact solutions. We also consider the process 4He(γ, d)d. This process comes at the expense of the quadrupole absorption of γ-rays, while the dipole transition is suppressed. This property is a consequence of the isospin selection as well as the identity of the particles in the final state. Obtained results describe the energy range from threshold (20 MeV) to 140 MeV. Therefore, the model mentioned in the paper has the peculiarity to be valid not only for the low-energy regime, but also for higher energies. Present paper is devoted to determine the roles of different reaction mechanisms and to solve problems above

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Photonuclear reaction research is of great interest to obtain information about the structure of nuclei. The investigation of structural effects requires certain insights into the reaction mechanisms, that have to be identified on the basis of the fundamental principles of covariance and gauge invariance. The major achievement of the chosen model is the ability to reproduce the cross-section dependence using the minimal necessary set of parameters. We analyze the two-particle disintegration of 3He nuclei by photons. Our interest was raised by the fact that 3He is the simplest many-particle system which admits an exact solutions. We also consider the process 4He(γ, d)d. This process comes at the expense of the quadrupole absorption of γ-rays, while the dipole transition is suppressed. This property is a consequence of the isospin selection as well as the identity of the particles in the final state. Obtained results describe the energy range from threshold (20 MeV) to 140 MeV. Therefore, the model mentioned in the paper has the peculiarity to be valid not only for the low-energy regime, but also for higher energies. Present paper is devoted to determine the roles of different reaction mechanisms and to solve problems above

Fe-N/C catalysts for oxygen reduction based on silicon carbide derived carbon

Two different Fe-N/C(SiC) catalysts (Fe+Bipyr/C(SiC) and Fe+Phen/C(SiC)) for oxygen reduction based on silicon carbide derived carbon were synthesized and investigated in 0.1M KOH aqueous solution by rotating disc electrode method. It was found that the electrocatalytic activity and stability are significantly influenced by the change of the nitrogen ligand in the catalyst. Comparable current density values obtained for 20%Pt-Vulcan electrode could be achieved for Fe+Bipyr/C(SiC) and Fe+Phen/C(SiC) catalysts in alkaline media. The durability tests (~150h) showed that the decrease of the activity for Fe+Bipyr/C(SiC) and Fe+Phen/C(SiC) is only 0.5mVh−1 and 0.17mVh−1, respectively. The Fe+Bipyr/C(SiC) catalyst demonstrated higher activity in the RDE measurements, but during the long-term test the Fe+Phen/C(SiC) catalyst prove to be more stable than Fe+Bipyr/C(SiC). Keywords: Oxygen reduction reaction, Carbide derived carbon, Fe-N/C catalyst, Rotating disc electrode method, Durability tes