Comportamento do Triatoma infestans sob várias condições de laboratório Behavior of the Triatoma infestans' under several laboratory conditions

Foi observado o comportamento do T. infestans submetido às temperaturas de 25ºC e 30ºC, alimentado em galinha e camundongo e infectado pelo T. cruzi ou não. A temperatura mais elevada determinou um encurtamento da duração do ciclo evolutivo desde a eclosão do ôvo até a muda para a fase adulta, menores quantidades de sangue necessário para que se processasse a evolução, assim como menor número de repastos para obtenção do sangue. A alimentação com sangue de camundongo determinou um encurtamento no tempo de evolução, menores volumes de sangue necessário à evolução e menor número de repastos. A infecção pelo T. cruzi determinou aumento da quantidade de sangue necessário para as ninfas de 5.º estádio, assim como maior número de repastos nas ninfas do mesmo estádio submetidas a 25ºC de temperatura. Ocorreram interações entre a temperatura, a fonte de sangue e a infecção pelo T. cruzi.<br>The rearing of T. infestans under several temperature, blood feeding and infection conditions, was observed. Temperature levels were 25 and 30ºC, blood sources were mice and chickens, and were reported as with or without Trypanosoma cruzi infections. A shortness of the entire cycle from the hatching of the egg to adult in the high temperature level was observed. Beside this, less blood quantities and few blood meals were required to reach the adult stage. The utilization of mouse blood gave too a shorter time expended in the evolution, with fewer meals and lesser blood in volume. The trypanosome infection was related with more quantity of blood need by the fifth nymphs, and more meals for these imature stage when submited at 25ºC of temperature. Interactions between the conditions studied, were recorded

Interacción entre poblaciones de Triatoma infestans y Triatoma sordida Interação entre população de Triatoma infestans e Triatoma sordida Population interactions between Triatoma infestans and Triatoma sordida

Para conocer si se producía algún tipo de interacción entre poblaciones de Triatoma infestans y Triatoma sordida que convivían en una unidad experimental y explotaban el mismo recurso alimentario (ave) se las estudió desde setiembre/1988 a abril/1989. La composición etaria inicial para cada especie fue: 27 N1, 7 N2, 11 N3, 3 N4, 8 N5, 4 machos y 10 hembras. La dinámica de población, el estado nutricional, la predación y la conducta gregaria, utilizados como parámetros de comparación, fueron estimados mediante censos mensuales. Triatoma infestans logró mayor éxito colonizador que T. sordida dado los valores alcanzados en: fecundidad (146 huevos/hembra), longevidad (157,8 días) y mortalidad (39,4%), en comparación a los obtenidos por T. sordida: 118 huevos/hembra, 81,1 días y 54,0% respectivamente. La población de T. infestans tuvo un crecimiento de tipo exponencial, con una alta tasa de renovación ninfal, en contraposición, la población de T. sordida se extinguió tempranamente. En general, el peso promedio de los ejemplares de T. infestans se mantuvo en valores próximos al inicial, mientras que en T. sordida se redujo. Los grupos gregarios se conformaron mayoritariamente en el sector inferior de la pared 1 (próximo al hospedador), observándose mayor nivel de contagio en T. infestans. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se formula la hipótesis de la superioridad competitiva en T. infestans.<br>Para saber se algum tipo de interação se produzia entre populações de Triatoma infestans e T. sordida que conviviam em uma unidade experimental e compartilharam o mesmo recurso alimentar (ave), foi realizado estudo que abrangeu o período de setembro de 1988 a abril de 1989. A composição etária inicial para cada espécie foi: 27 N1, 7 N2, 11 N3, 3 N4, 8 N5, 4 machos e 10 fêmeas. A dinâmica da população, o estado nutricional, a predação e a conduta gregria foram estimados mediante censos mensais. T. infestans obteve maior êxito colonizador que T. sordida dado os valores alcançados em: fecundidade (146 ovos/fêmea), longevidade (157,8 dias) e mortalidade (39,4%), em comparação aos obtidos por T. sordida: 118 ovos/fêmeas, 81,1 dias e 54,0% respectivamente. A população de T. infestans teve crescimento do tipo exponencial, com alta taxa de renovação ninfal; em contraposição, a população de T. sordida se extinguiu mais cedo. Em geral, o peso médio dos exemplares de T. infestans manteve-se em valores próximos ao inicial, enquanto que em T. sordida se reduziu. Os grupos gregários se formaram sobretudo no setor inferior da parede 1 (próximo ao hospedeiro), observando-se maior nível de contágio em T. infestans. A partir dos resultados obtidos, formulou-se a hipótese da superioridade competitiva de T. infestans.<br>Populations of T. infestans and T. sordida were studied between September 1988 and April 1989 with a view to discovering if any kind of interaction took place between them while they lives together in the same experimental unit and exploited the same food resource (chicken). The initial age structure for each species was: 27 N1, 7 N2, 11 N3, 3 N4, 8 N5, 4 males and 10 females. The population dynamics nutritional status, predation and gregarious behavior were estimated by means of a monthly census. The colonizing success of T. infestans was greater than that of T. sordida in view of the values obtained: fecundity (146 eggs/female), longevity (157.8 days) and mortality (39.4) compared with the values recorded for T. sordida: 118 eggs/female, 81.1 days and 54.0% respectively. The population growth of T. insfestans followed an exponential model, with a high nymphal recruitment rate, while the T. sordida population was early extinguished. In general, the average weight of T. infestans remained close to the initial values while that of T. sordida declined. Gregarious groups were formed principally in the inferior sector of wall 1 (near the host) with a higher aggregation in T, infestans. These results make it possible to propose the hypothesis of the competitive superiority of T. infestans

International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium report, data summary of 50 countries for 2010-2015: Device-associated module

•We report INICC device-associated module data of 50 countries from 2010-2015.•We collected prospective data from 861,284 patients in 703 ICUs for 3,506,562 days.•DA-HAI rates and bacterial resistance were higher in the INICC ICUs than in CDC-NHSN's.•Device utilization ratio in the INICC ICUs was similar to CDC-NHSN's. Background: We report the results of International Nosocomial Infection Control Consortium (INICC) surveillance study from January 2010-December 2015 in 703 intensive care units (ICUs) in Latin America, Europe, Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and Western Pacific. Methods: During the 6-year study period, using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network (CDC-NHSN) definitions for device-associated health care-associated infection (DA-HAI), we collected prospective data from 861,284 patients hospitalized in INICC hospital ICUs for an aggregate of 3,506,562 days. Results: Although device use in INICC ICUs was similar to that reported from CDC-NHSN ICUs, DA-HAI rates were higher in the INICC ICUs: in the INICC medical-surgical ICUs, the pooled rate of central line-associated bloodstream infection, 4.1 per 1,000 central line-days, was nearly 5-fold higher than the 0.8 per 1,000 central line-days reported from comparable US ICUs, the overall rate of ventilator-associated pneumonia was also higher, 13.1 versus 0.9 per 1,000 ventilator-days, as was the rate of catheter-associated urinary tract infection, 5.07 versus 1.7 per 1,000 catheter-days. From blood cultures samples, frequencies of resistance of Pseudomonas isolates to amikacin (29.87% vs 10%) and to imipenem (44.3% vs 26.1%), and of Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates to ceftazidime (73.2% vs 28.8%) and to imipenem (43.27% vs 12.8%) were also higher in the INICC ICUs compared with CDC-NHSN ICUs. Conclusions: Although DA-HAIs in INICC ICU patients continue to be higher than the rates reported in CDC-NSHN ICUs representing the developed world, we have observed a significant trend toward the reduction of DA-HAI rates in INICC ICUs as shown in each international report. It is INICC's main goal to continue facilitating education, training, and basic and cost-effective tools and resources, such as standardized forms and an online platform, to tackle this problem effectively and systematically

Impact of COVID-19 on Cardiovascular Testing in the United States Versus the Rest of the World

Objectives: This study sought to quantify and compare the decline in volumes of cardiovascular procedures between the United States and non-U.S. institutions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted the care of many non-COVID-19 illnesses. Reductions in diagnostic cardiovascular testing around the world have led to concerns over the implications of reduced testing for cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality. Methods: Data were submitted to the INCAPS-COVID (International Atomic Energy Agency Non-Invasive Cardiology Protocols Study of COVID-19), a multinational registry comprising 909 institutions in 108 countries (including 155 facilities in 40 U.S. states), assessing the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on volumes of diagnostic cardiovascular procedures. Data were obtained for April 2020 and compared with volumes of baseline procedures from March 2019. We compared laboratory characteristics, practices, and procedure volumes between U.S. and non-U.S. facilities and between U.S. geographic regions and identified factors associated with volume reduction in the United States. Results: Reductions in the volumes of procedures in the United States were similar to those in non-U.S. facilities (68% vs. 63%, respectively; p = 0.237), although U.S. facilities reported greater reductions in invasive coronary angiography (69% vs. 53%, respectively; p &lt; 0.001). Significantly more U.S. facilities reported increased use of telehealth and patient screening measures than non-U.S. facilities, such as temperature checks, symptom screenings, and COVID-19 testing. Reductions in volumes of procedures differed between U.S. regions, with larger declines observed in the Northeast (76%) and Midwest (74%) than in the South (62%) and West (44%). Prevalence of COVID-19, staff redeployments, outpatient centers, and urban centers were associated with greater reductions in volume in U.S. facilities in a multivariable analysis. Conclusions: We observed marked reductions in U.S. cardiovascular testing in the early phase of the pandemic and significant variability between U.S. regions. The association between reductions of volumes and COVID-19 prevalence in the United States highlighted the need for proactive efforts to maintain access to cardiovascular testing in areas most affected by outbreaks of COVID-19 infection