Himachal Pradesh: Transformation eines indischen Himalayastaates

Seit Indiens Erfolgen in der Informationstechnologie (IT) ist das Bild des Landes im Ausland nicht mehr allein von Erwartungen märchenhafter Exotik und endloser Entwicklungsprobleme bestimmt. Es gibt weitere Erfolgsgeschichten, z.B. eine gesamtwirtschaftliche Wachstumsrate, die sich mit über 7 v.H. jährlich gegenüber der langjährigen "Hindu-Rate" von 3,5 v.H. verdoppelt hat. Dies ist nicht zuletzt den Erfolgen der Landwirtschaft zuzuschreiben, die sich einer langen, kaum unterbrochenen Periode günstiger Witterung erfreute. Indien hat große Nahrungsreserven angelegt und ist besser auf Missernten vorbereitet als Mitte der sechziger Jahre. Bei den Exporten von Waren (Textilien, Schmuck) und Dienstleistungen (Software und Tourismus) hat Indien kräftig zulegen können; Agrarprodukte spielen schon lange keine herausragende Rolle mehr. Indien hat sich zu einem wichtigen Reiseland entwickelt, und immer mehr Besucher, gerade aus Deutschland, haben sich von der Vielfalt des Landes überzeugen können

Here one year, gone the next? Investigating persistence of frequent emergency department attendance: a retrospective study in Australia

Objectives Patients are presenting to emergency departments (EDs) with increasing complexity at rates beyond population growth and ageing. Intervention studies target patients with 12 months or less of frequent attendance. However, these interventions are not well targeted since most patients do not remain frequent attenders. This paper quantifies temporary and ongoing frequent attendance and contrasts risk factors for each group. Design Retrospective population-based study using 10 years of longitudinal data. Setting An Australian geographic region that includes metropolitan and rural EDs. Participants 332 100 residents visited any ED during the study period. Main outcome measure Frequent attendance was defined as seven or more visits to any ED in the region within a 12-month period. Temporary frequent attendance was defined as meeting this threshold only once, and ongoing more than once. Risk factors for temporary and ongoing frequent attenders were identified using logistic regression models for adults and children. Results Of 8577 frequent attenders, 80.1% were temporary and 19.9% ongoing (12.9% repeat, 7.1% persistent). Among adults, ongoing were more likely than temporary frequent attenders to be young to middle aged (aged 25-64 years), and less likely to be from a high socioeconomic area or be admitted. Ongoing frequent attenders had higher rates of non-injury presentations, in particular substance-related (OR=2.5, 99% CI 1.1 to 5.6) and psychiatric illness (OR=2.9, 99% CI 1.8 to 4.6). In comparison, children who were ongoing were more likely than temporary frequent attenders to be aged 5-15 years, and were not more likely to be admitted (OR=2.7, 99% CI 0.7 to 10.9). Conclusions Future intervention studies should distinguish between temporary and ongoing frequent attenders, develop specific interventions for each group and include rigorous evaluation

Functional modelling of complex multi‑disciplinary systems using the enhanced sequence diagram

YesThis paper introduces an Enhanced Sequence Diagram (ESD) as the basis for a structured framework for the functional analysis of complex multidisciplinary systems. The ESD extends the conventional sequence diagrams (SD) by introducing a rigorous functional flow-based modelling schemata to provide an enhanced basis for model-based functional requirements and architecture analysis in the early systems design stages. The proposed ESD heuristics include the representation of transactional and transformative functions required to deliver the use case sequence, and fork and join nodes to facilitate analysis of combining and bifurcating operations on flows. A case study of a personal mobility device is used to illustrate the deployment of the ESD methodology in relation to three common product development scenarios: (i) reverse engineering, (ii) the introduction of a specific technology to an existent system; and (iii) the introduction of a new feature as user-centric innovation for an existing system, at a logical design level, without reference to any solution. The case study analysis provides further insights into the effectiveness of the ESD to support function modelling and functional requirements capture, and architecture development. The significance of this paper is that it establishes a rigorous ESD-based functional analysis methodology to guide the practitioner with its deployment, facilitating its impact to both the engineering design and systems engineering communities, as well as the design practice in the industry

Functional modelling of complex multi‑disciplinary systems using the enhanced sequence diagram

YesThis paper introduces an Enhanced Sequence Diagram (ESD) as the basis for a structured framework for the functional analysis of complex multidisciplinary systems. The ESD extends the conventional sequence diagrams (SD) by introducing a rigorous functional flow-based modelling schemata to provide an enhanced basis for model-based functional requirements and architecture analysis in the early systems design stages. The proposed ESD heuristics include the representation of transactional and transformative functions required to deliver the use case sequence, and fork and join nodes to facilitate analysis of combining and bifurcating operations on flows. A case study of a personal mobility device is used to illustrate the deployment of the ESD methodology in relation to three common product development scenarios: (i) reverse engineering, (ii) the introduction of a specific technology to an existent system; and (iii) the introduction of a new feature as user-centric innovation for an existing system, at a logical design level, without reference to any solution. The case study analysis provides further insights into the effectiveness of the ESD to support function modelling and functional requirements capture, and architecture development. The significance of this paper is that it establishes a rigorous ESD-based functional analysis methodology to guide the practitioner with its deployment, facilitating its impact to both the engineering design and systems engineering communities, as well as the design practice in the industry

Experimental Investigations of Buffet Excitation Forces on a Low Aspect Ratio Trapezoidal Half Wing in Incompressible Flow.

The paper addresses the problem of determining the steady and unsteady airloads on swept wings of low aspect ratios at high incidences. Despite great progress in the field of computational fluid dynamics, this problem is not yet accessible to computer- supported methods, at least with respect to unsteady airloads. First, the information will be discussed which is necessary for buffeting prediction. The reason for performing pressure measurements are outlined. A brief description of the test set-up and instrumentation is given