Comparison of power consumption of a two-roll mill and a disc mill

ArticleGrinding or milling is often used process, for example in the production of feed, grinding of malt in beer production, grinding of cereals on flour, etc. In order to optimize the energy intensity of the whole production process, it is necessary to know the energy consumption of individual processes. The grinding of malt influences the mashing process, the drawing-off and the boiling yield. Correct grain grinding makes the endosperm available for enzyme and physicochemical reactions during wort production. Husks affect the drawing-off process. Two-, four- or six-roll mills, in some cases a hammer mill or disc mill, are most commonly used for grinding of malt. Power consumption was monitored when light, Munich, caramel and coloring malt were grinding. A two-roll mill and a disc mill with engine speeds of 1,500 rpm and 2,800 rpm were used for grinding. The gap between the mill rollers and the mill disks was set to 0.4 mm. The fineness of the grinding was evaluated for all types of malt on all used equipment. The energy intensity of the grinding was correlated on 1.0 kg of malt and then compared

The measurement of energy consumption during milling different cereals using the sieve analyses

ArticleThis paper deals with the measurement of energy consumption required for disintegration of different cereals depending on the desired fineness of obtained grist. The energy consumption necessary for milling was compared with the results of a sieve analysi s before and after the disintegration process. The obtained results were compared with energy expended during the disintegration of cereals and were analysed to determine the coefficients of the ratio of fineness of milling/energy consumption. They was fou nd to have good conformity. Special attention was paid to the RRSB distribution for determination of statistic average particle size and specific area of malt grist. Specific area of grist particles from different cereals was determined by calculation of t he limited area and x axis in diagrams, this effort is necessary for optimisation of the disintegration process with impact on the quality of final food

Evaluation of nutritional and physical values of pellets based on pea and lupine with added yeast in chickens fattening

ArticleThe article is focused on the development of the new type of broiler chicken feed, based on pea (Pisum sativum L.) and blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius L), enriched with used dried brewer´s yeast. This composition eliminates use of soybean meal (PES) that was yet a traditional component in chicken feed. The main reason for its elimination was the using of genetically modified varieties of soybean and its relatively high price around 0.5 €uro kg-1 in Czech Republic. For milling of pea or blue lupine was used vertical (hammer) mill type Taurus, supplied by company TAURUS, for drying of used brewer´s yeast had been used drier Memmert UFE 800, final dry matter of the yeast was 88%. For pellets production were used two devices, press type JGE 120-6110 and Testmer. For the determination of physical properties of manufactured pellets (the weight of 1,000 pieces, bulk density, abrasiveness and pellet durability index PDI) were used following laboratory devices, Pellet Tester Holmen NHP and Testmer 200. Experimental activities had shown that the best results were reached using pellets manufactured on base blue lupine enriched by dried brewer´s yeast (6%)

Determination of the tension limit forces of a barley malt and a malt crush in correlation with a load size

ArticleThis article deals with determination of selected parameters of barley malt (whole grain and crushed grain). The barley malt is besides water, hops and brewer's yeast, one of the basic ingredients necessary for the production of traditional Czech pilsner type of beer. The aim of this research is to determine limit force and internal friction angle with depending on the size of the load. The assessed malt crush was produced using a 2-roller malt mill. The 2-roller malt mill is based on the principle of grinding the material in a milling gap between two milling rollers, which is a very commonly used production of the malt crush. By determining the tension limits of the barley malt and the malt crush in correlation with the load, we can obtain very important parameters that inform us of the bulk material behavior, particularly with respect to the storage method (storage shape, height of the stored material layer, and the removal method from the storage, etc.), and to the transport (route gradient, transport speed, etc.). The determination of the tension limits has a direct link with cohesion of the bulk material and thereby contributes to establishing of the basic parameters of the bulk material, such as - the friction angle. The measurement for the angle of internal friction determination were performed on a prototype device. The principle of measurement on a mobile prototype devices is, the upper square chamber slides down the lower square chamber. Barley malt (whole grain and crushed grain) were loaded from 100 g to 5,000 g. The results of measuring were statistically analyzed with software Statistica 12

Energy consumption of milking pump controlled by frequency convertor during milking cycle

ArticleThe article deals with selected parameters affecting the energy consumption of a vacuum pump in a milking system during the whole milking cycle in variants with and without regulation by a frequency convertor. When put into practice, the latest research of creation, control and stabilization of vacuum in milking devices allows dairy farmers to obtain a vacuum system that ensures maximum stability of milking pressure, which is a basic requirement affecting the health of dairy cows. The choice of vacuum system prioritizes in particular high performance, maximum operational reliability, minimum maintenance, long service life, environmental friendliness and economy. The vacuum pump was a Roots vacuum pump with a rotary piston which is typical for this use. Use of a frequency convertor significantly affected the efficiency of this pump for control of vacuum pressure level and pump performance by varying the rotation frequency according to the actual airflow requirement. Using this control system, only as much vacuum pressure is produced as necessary. By measurement of an experimental setup, it was found that the average power requirement of a setup with a control valve was 3.8 kW compared to 1.7 kW in the case of the variant with frequency convertor. Measurements and calculations have shown that this system is capable of saving more than 50% of electric energy

Focal osteoporosis defects play a key role in hip fracture

$\textbf{BACKGROUND}$: Hip fractures are mainly caused by accidental falls and trips, which magnify forces in well-defined areas of the proximal femur. Unfortunately, the same areas are at risk of rapid bone loss with ageing, since they are relatively stress-shielded during walking and sitting. Focal osteoporosis in those areas may contribute to fracture, and targeted 3D measurements might enhance hip fracture prediction. In the FEMCO case-control clinical study, Cortical Bone Mapping (CBM) was applied to clinical computed tomography (CT) scans to define 3D cortical and trabecular bone defects in patients with acute hip fracture compared to controls. Direct measurements of trabecular bone volume were then made in biopsies of target regions removed at operation. $\textbf{METHODS}$: The sample consisted of CT scans from 313 female and 40 male volunteers (158 with proximal femoral fracture, 145 age-matched controls and 50 fallers without hip fracture). Detailed Cortical Bone Maps (c.5580 measurement points on the unfractured hip) were created before registering each hip to an average femur shape to facilitate statistical parametric mapping (SPM). Areas where cortical and trabecular bone differed from controls were visualised in 3D for location, magnitude and statistical significance. Measures from the novel regions created by the SPM process were then tested for their ability to classify fracture versus control by comparison with traditional CT measures of areal Bone Mineral Density (aBMD). In women we used the surgical classification of fracture location ('femoral neck' or 'trochanteric') to discover whether focal osteoporosis was specific to fracture type. To explore whether the focal areas were osteoporotic by histological criteria, we used micro CT to measure trabecular bone parameters in targeted biopsies taken from the femoral heads of 14 cases. $\textbf{RESULTS}$: Hip fracture patients had distinct patterns of focal osteoporosis that determined fracture type, and CBM measures classified fracture type better than aBMD parameters. CBM measures however improved only minimally on aBMD for predicting any hip fracture and depended on the inclusion of trabecular bone measures alongside cortical regions. Focal osteoporosis was confirmed on biopsy as reduced sub-cortical trabecular bone volume. $\textbf{CONCLUSION}$: Using 3D imaging methods and targeted bone biopsy, we discovered focal osteoporosis affecting trabecular and cortical bone of the proximal femur, among men and women with hip fracture.Arthritis Research UK (grant no. ARC17822) and Cambridge National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre

IgM Promotes the Clearance of Small Particles and Apoptotic Microparticles by Macrophages

Background: Antibodies are often involved in enhancing particle clearance by macrophages. Although the mechanisms of antibody-dependent phagocytosis have been studied for IgG in greater detail, very little is known about IgM-mediated clearance. It has been generally considered that IgM does not support phagocytosis. Recent studies indicate that natural IgM is important to clear microbes and other bioparticles, and that shape is critical to particle uptake by macrophages; however, the relevance of IgM and particle size in their clearance remains unclear. Here we show that IgM has a sizedependent effect on clearance. Methodology/Principal Findings: We used antibody-opsonized sheep red blood cells, different size beads and apoptotic cells to determine the effect of human and mouse IgM on phagocytosis by mouse alveolar macrophages. Our microscopy (light, epifluorescence, confocal) and flow cytometry data show that IgM greatly enhances the clearance of small particles (about 1–2 micron) by these macrophages. There is an inverse relationship between IgM-mediated clearance by macrophages and the particle size; however, macrophages bind and internalize many different size particles coated with IgG. We also show that IgM avidly binds to small size late apoptotic cells or bodies (2–5 micron) and apoptotic microparticles (,2 mm) released from dying cells. IgM also promotes the binding and uptake of microparticle-coated beads. Conclusions/Significance: Therefore, while the shape of the particles is important for non-opsonized particle uptake, th