Optimization of Drilling Process Parameters on Die Steel (H13) using Carbide Coated Drill by Design of Experiment Concept

This experimental work presents the optimization of process parameter of surface roughness with using coated carbide drill on H13 steel. Taguchi design of experiments was implemented for executing the process parameter of Drilling process on H13 steel plates. The drilling parameters including 2 Factors such as spindle speed (rpm) and feed rate (mm/min) are optimized using response performance characteristic of surface roughness of H13 die steel plates.H13 steel play an important role in many applications such as Shaft, axle, gears and fasteners due to their strength to weight ratio. The process parameters of spindle speed and feed rate are influenced by machining accuracy during drilling process. The main objectives of experimental works have been identified by lower roughness during drilling process of H13 steel plates. Orthogonal array (L16) of Taguchi Design of experiments and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) are utilized to analyze the effect of drilling parameters on Quality of drilled holes. The result of experiments indicate is a dominating parameter of surface roughness of H 13 steel plates in Drilling process

Crop–livestock-integrated farming system: a strategy to achieve synergy between agricultural production, nutritional security, and environmental sustainability

IntroductionClimate change, nutritional security, land shrinkage, and an increasing human population are the most concerning factors in agriculture, which are further complicated by deteriorating soil health. Among several ways to address these issues, the most prominent and cost-effective means is to adopt an integrated farming system (IFS). Integrating farming systems with livestock enables a way to increase economic yield per unit area per unit of time for farmers in small and marginal categories. This system effectively utilizes the waste materials by recycling them via linking appropriate components, thereby minimizing the pollution caused to the environment. Further integrating livestock components with crops and the production of eggs, meat, and milk leads to nutritional security and stable farmer's income generation. So, there is a dire need to develop an eco-friendly, ecologically safe, and economically profitable IFS model.MethodsAn experiment was conducted to develop a crop–livestock-based integrated farming system model for the benefit of irrigated upland farmers in the semi-arid tropics for increasing productivity, farm income, employment generation, and food and nutritional security through efficient utilization of resources in the farming system.Results and discussionThe IFS model has components, viz., crop (0.85 ha) + horticulture (0.10 ha) + 2 cattles along with 2 calves in dairy (50 m2) + 12 female goats and 1 male goat (50 m2) + 150 numbers of poultry birds (50 m2) + vermicompost (50 m2) + kitchen garden (0.02 ha) + boundary planting + supporting activities (0.01 ha) in a one-hectare area. The model recorded a higher total MEY (162.31 t), gross return (689,773), net return (317,765), and employment generation (475 mandays). Further negative emissions of −15,118 CO2-e (kg) greenhouse gases were recorded under this model. The study conclusively reveals that integration of crop, horticulture, dairy, goat, poultry, vermicompost production, kitchen garden, and boundary planting models increases the net returns, B:C ratio, employment generation, nutritional security, and livelihoods of small and marginal farmers

Note on generalized topological spaces with hereditary classes

In this paper, we extend the study of $\Psi_\mathcal{H}$ operator  introduced and studied in [5] and rectify the errors in the paper. Moreover, characterizations of $\mu-$codense and strongly $\mu-$codense hereditary classes in generalized topological spaces are also given

Identification and characterization of Tobacco streak virus, as a new causative agent of necrosis disease of Anthurium

194-200Tobacco streak virus (TSV) was detected from Anthurium samples collected from Anthurium variety Medioria Red from College of Horticulture, Bangalore, India grown under polyhouse cultivation. Sap inoculation of the samples expressing positive reaction through direct antigen coating-enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (DAC-ELISA) produced both localized and systemic infection. The localized infection produced circular necrotic lesions on the leaves of cowpea cv. C152 plants. The samples were also confirmed through dot blot immunibinding assay (DIBA), which showed positive reaction by producing circular, purple coloured spot against TSV specific antibody. Further molecular characterization of TSV through RT-PCR with coat protein gene specific primers produced amplicon size of 929 bp pertaining to RNA3 region. The basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) analysis of coat protein gene through National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database had nucleotide and amino acid sequence similarity of 97.6 to 98.8 % and 94.9 to 97.4 %, respectively with known strains of TSV from India. Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleotide sequences Confirmed the Anthurium strain of TSV forms single subgroup with other crop of Indian isolates. This study provides important clues about spread of TSV. To the best of our knowledge it is the first detailed study of TSV infecting Anthurium

STUDY ON THE CORRELATION BETWEEN NESTING SITE AVAILABILITY AND THE PREVALENCE OF HOUSE SPARROW IN MADURAI DISTRICT

Among all the wild birds, house sparrows are unique in their close association with humans. Sparrows have successfully adapted to the human habitation accustomed to the available food and nesting sites. Earlier studies have proposed an inconsistency in the sparrow population in various habitats during the last decade. To identify the reason for the fluctuation in number of sparrows, an intricate study is needed on the factors responsible for the presence of house sparrows in a habitat. Previous studies have proposed the importance of nesting sites in the distribution and diversity of house sparrows. In this context, the present study aims at finding the association of the availability of nesting sites with the incidence of the house sparrow in Madurai district in the state of Tamilnadu. The survey was conducted for a period of 3 months, from August 2020 - October 2020, in 205 randomly selected sites in all the 13 blocks of Madurai District using the line transect method. Among the 205 sites observed, the presence of house sparrow was confirmed in 170 sites. The possible nesting sites were digitally documented. A high incidence of house sparrows was observed in Madurai west (703) and Melur (658), while the least population density was noted in Kottampatti (150) and Vadipatti (147) blocks of Madurai district. Six nesting sites were commonly identified which include eaves of buildings, ventilation holes, unused holes in buildings, unused pipes, thatched roofs, and climbers/veins on the walls of buildings. Pearson correlation coefficient showed a positive correlation (R = 0.9) between the prevalence of house sparrows and the availability of various nesting sites. The eaves of the buildings and the ventilation holes were found to be the most preferred nesting sites. The uncommon nesting sites were pipes and climbers/veins. House sparrows exhibit a high degree of adaptability and plasticity in their nesting behaviour to achieve reproductive success

Impact of Soil Biological Parameters on Soil Health in the Intensively Cultivated Deltaic Inceptisol of Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

An experiment was conducted during 2021-22 at Agricultural Research Station, Kattuthottam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu to identify the impact of biological parameters on different cropping sequences. Three soil samples were randomly taken from each replication of every treatment making a total of 90 samples in each season from different cropping sequences during active vegetative stage. The size of each plot is 40m2. Samples were analysed for soil biological parameters viz., Urease, Acid phosphatase, Dehydrogenase, Soil microbial count (Bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes) and Microbial Biomass Carbon. Different cropping sequences showed their effect as variations in soil biological properties. The cropping sequence T4, sunhemp-rice+dhaincha (10:1)-green gram showed more biological activity with urease activity of 40.6 NH4+ µg/g/h, acid phosphatase activity of 43.1 P-NP µg/g/h, dehydrogenase activity (137.9 TPF µg/g/day), microbial biomass carbon value (307 mg kg-1), bacterial count (55.6 cfu g-1 soil), fungal count (23.5 cfu g-1 soil) and actinomycetes count (41.2 cfu g-1 soil). Rice-rice-sesame sequence was observed to have less biological activity than other cropping sequences