Nematodos: indicadores del estado y procesos del suelo en un sistema frutícola

Se estudió la condición del suelo utilizando el análisis de la comunidad de nematodos en distintas coberturas vegetales en los espacios interfilares de un cultivo de pera. Se investigó los efectos de las coberturas (alfalfa+pastos AP, festuca F y vegetación espontánea VE) durante la primavera 2012 y 2013. Se evaluó nematofauna, materia orgánica del suelo (MOS) y materia seca de las coberturas. El aporte de materia seca, la MOS, y los índices de enriquecimiento y de nematodos fitófagos fueron mayores en AP que en los tratamientos VE y F. El índice de estructura fue bajo y no fue afectado por el tratamiento. La relación fungívoros/bacteriófagos indicó que la descomposición de la MOS fue principalmente mediada por bacterias en todas las coberturas. La mezcla AP puede proveer un incremento en la capacidad de reciclado de nutrientes del suelo para el crecimiento de la pera al aumentar los nematodos bacteriófagos.The nematode community analysis in different cover crops at inter-row spaces of a pear orchard was employed to study soil condition. The effects of three cover crop treatments (alfalfa+grasses (AP), fescue (F), and spontaneous vegetation (VE)) were investigated during spring 2012 and 2013. Nematofauna, soil organic matter (SOM) and cover crop dry matter were assessed. Plant feeding nematodes were dominant and comprised more than 50% of the total population in each treatment. The addition of dry matter, SOM, as well as the enrichment and the plant-parasitic indexes were higher in AP than either in VE or F. The structure index was low and was not affected by treatments. The fungivores to bacterivores ratio indicated that the SOM decomposition was mainly mediated by bacteria in all cover crops. AP mixture can increase the soil nutrient recycling capacity for pear trees growth because the number of bacterivores increases.Eje A4: Ambiente, Naturaleza y AgroecologíaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Nematodos: indicadores del estado y procesos del suelo en un sistema frutícola

Se estudió la condición del suelo utilizando el análisis de la comunidad de nematodos en distintas coberturas vegetales en los espacios interfilares de un cultivo de pera. Se investigó los efectos de las coberturas (alfalfa+pastos AP, festuca F y vegetación espontánea VE) durante la primavera 2012 y 2013. Se evaluó nematofauna, materia orgánica del suelo (MOS) y materia seca de las coberturas. El aporte de materia seca, la MOS, y los índices de enriquecimiento y de nematodos fitófagos fueron mayores en AP que en los tratamientos VE y F. El índice de estructura fue bajo y no fue afectado por el tratamiento. La relación fungívoros/bacteriófagos indicó que la descomposición de la MOS fue principalmente mediada por bacterias en todas las coberturas. La mezcla AP puede proveer un incremento en la capacidad de reciclado de nutrientes del suelo para el crecimiento de la pera al aumentar los nematodos bacteriófagos.The nematode community analysis in different cover crops at inter-row spaces of a pear orchard was employed to study soil condition. The effects of three cover crop treatments (alfalfa+grasses (AP), fescue (F), and spontaneous vegetation (VE)) were investigated during spring 2012 and 2013. Nematofauna, soil organic matter (SOM) and cover crop dry matter were assessed. Plant feeding nematodes were dominant and comprised more than 50% of the total population in each treatment. The addition of dry matter, SOM, as well as the enrichment and the plant-parasitic indexes were higher in AP than either in VE or F. The structure index was low and was not affected by treatments. The fungivores to bacterivores ratio indicated that the SOM decomposition was mainly mediated by bacteria in all cover crops. AP mixture can increase the soil nutrient recycling capacity for pear trees growth because the number of bacterivores increases.Eje A4: Ambiente, Naturaleza y AgroecologíaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

Nematodos: indicadores del estado y procesos del suelo en un sistema frutícola

Se estudió la condición del suelo utilizando el análisis de la comunidad de nematodos en distintas coberturas vegetales en los espacios interfilares de un cultivo de pera. Se investigó los efectos de las coberturas (alfalfa+pastos AP, festuca F y vegetación espontánea VE) durante la primavera 2012 y 2013. Se evaluó nematofauna, materia orgánica del suelo (MOS) y materia seca de las coberturas. El aporte de materia seca, la MOS, y los índices de enriquecimiento y de nematodos fitófagos fueron mayores en AP que en los tratamientos VE y F. El índice de estructura fue bajo y no fue afectado por el tratamiento. La relación fungívoros/bacteriófagos indicó que la descomposición de la MOS fue principalmente mediada por bacterias en todas las coberturas. La mezcla AP puede proveer un incremento en la capacidad de reciclado de nutrientes del suelo para el crecimiento de la pera al aumentar los nematodos bacteriófagos.The nematode community analysis in different cover crops at inter-row spaces of a pear orchard was employed to study soil condition. The effects of three cover crop treatments (alfalfa+grasses (AP), fescue (F), and spontaneous vegetation (VE)) were investigated during spring 2012 and 2013. Nematofauna, soil organic matter (SOM) and cover crop dry matter were assessed. Plant feeding nematodes were dominant and comprised more than 50% of the total population in each treatment. The addition of dry matter, SOM, as well as the enrichment and the plant-parasitic indexes were higher in AP than either in VE or F. The structure index was low and was not affected by treatments. The fungivores to bacterivores ratio indicated that the SOM decomposition was mainly mediated by bacteria in all cover crops. AP mixture can increase the soil nutrient recycling capacity for pear trees growth because the number of bacterivores increases.Eje A4: Ambiente, Naturaleza y AgroecologíaFacultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestale

The existence of a two-solar mass neutron star constrains the gravitational constant G_N at strong field

In General Relativity there is a maximum mass allowed for neutron stars that, if exceeded, entails their collapse into a black hole. Its precise value depends on details of the nuclear matter equation of state about which we are much more certain thanks to recent progress in low-energy effective theories. The discovery of a two-solar mass neutron star, near that maximum mass, when analyzed with modern equations of state, implies that Newton's gravitational constant in the star cannot exceed its value on Earth by more than 8% at 95% confidence level. This is a remarkable leap of ten orders of magnitude in the gravitational field intensity at which the constant has been constrained.Comment: 5 pages including 8 figure

Social competitiveness and plasticity of neuroendocrine function in old age: influence of neonatal novelty exposure and maternal care reliability

Abstract Early experience is known to have a profound impact on brain and behavioral function later in life. Relatively few studies, however, have examined whether the effects of early experience remain detectable in the aging animal. Here, we examined the effects of neonatal novelty exposure, an early stimulation procedure, on late senescent rats' ability to win in social competition. During the first 3 weeks of life, half of each litter received daily 3-min exposures to a novel environment while the other half stayed in the home cage. At 24 months of age, pairs of rats competed against each other for exclusive access to chocolate rewards. We found that novelty-exposed rats won more rewards than home-staying rats, indicating that early experience exerts a life-long effect on this aspect of social dominance. Furthermore, novelty-exposed but not home-staying rats exhibited habituation of corticosterone release across repeated days of social competition testing, suggesting that early experience permanently enhances plasticity of the stress response system. Finally, we report a surprising finding that across individual rat families, greater effects of neonatal novelty exposure on stress response plasticity were found among families whose dams provided more reliable, instead of a greater total quantity of, maternal care

Quantum Fluctuation Theorems

Recent advances in experimental techniques allow one to measure and control systems at the level of single molecules and atoms. Here gaining information about fluctuating thermodynamic quantities is crucial for understanding nonequilibrium thermodynamic behavior of small systems. To achieve this aim, stochastic thermodynamics offers a theoretical framework, and nonequilibrium equalities such as Jarzynski equality and fluctuation theorems provide key information about the fluctuating thermodynamic quantities. We review the recent progress in quantum fluctuation theorems, including the studies of Maxwell's demon which plays a crucial role in connecting thermodynamics with information.Comment: As a chapter of: F. Binder, L. A. Correa, C. Gogolin, J. Anders, and G. Adesso (eds.), "Thermodynamics in the quantum regime - Fundamental Aspects and New Directions", (Springer International Publishing, 2018

The Predictive Nature of Individual Differences in Early Associative Learning and Emerging Social Behavior

Across the first year of life, infants achieve remarkable success in their ability to interact in the social world. The hierarchical nature of circuit and skill development predicts that the emergence of social behaviors may depend upon an infant's early abilities to detect contingencies, particularly socially-relevant associations. Here, we examined whether individual differences in the rate of associative learning at one month of age is an enduring predictor of social, imitative, and discriminative behaviors measured across the human infant's first year. One-month learning rate was predictive of social behaviors at 5, 9, and 12 months of age as well as face-evoked discriminative neural activity at 9 months of age. Learning was not related to general cognitive abilities. These results underscore the importance of early contingency learning and suggest the presence of a basic mechanism underlying the ontogeny of social behaviors