Designing of promising Tromethamine-Diflunisal-Pyrrole combinations based on COX binding, drug-properties and safety

Gastric issues that accompany the use of NSAIDs (Non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs) are always a serious global concern. The inhibition of the Cycloxygenase enzyme (COX) limits the prostaglandin synthesis and thereby facilitates the control of pains, inflammation etc. But this creates gastric issues due to the reduction of mucin formation in the stomach. The present work was performed to create a modification in the structure of NSAID drug Diflunisal, to reduce the gastric effect of acidic moiety in the structure and elevate the overall biological properties. The drug Tromethamine, a base used in acidosis treatment was substituted to reduce the acidic issues. The heterocyclic compound pyrrole was substituted to elevate the properties. Neutral, salt, amide and ester combinations of Tromethamine-Diflunisal were designed, optimized and docked to the crystal structures of COX-1 (PDB ID: 6Y3C) and COX-2 (PDB ID: 5IKR) enzymes, using PyRx software. The combinations with lower COX-1 and COX-2 binding energies relative to Diflunisal were noted. It was analysed if the combinations of Diflunisal, Tromethamine and pyrrole lowers drug-properties or induce toxicities. Pyrrole substitution at position R4 was not found favourable for COX binding. Among the favourable combinations, DF19 is the Diflunisal-Pyrrole-Tromethamine combination, equally favourable for binding to COX targets

Absence of Root Hairs in Non-Nodulating Groundnut, Arachis hypogaea L.

Root hairs observed at the site of lateral root emergence in nodulating groundnut cultivars were found to be absent in non-nodulating groundnut lines. In a segregating F2-population of the cross NC 17 × PI 259747 a strong association was observed between the presence of root hairs and nodulation, and the absence of root hairs and non-nodulation

Genetic Manipulation Of Nodulation In Groundnut

There is large variation among cultivars of groundnut in ability to nodulatc and fix nitrogen (N), and in seasonal and diurnal patterns of nitrogenase activity. Total N uptake, or total dry matter production, may be a useful index in ranking cultivan for N2-fixing ability. Certain cultivars of Arachis hypogaea ssp. hypogaea var. bpogaea formed up to 13% of their total nodule number on the hypocotyl, and some cultivars even nodulated on the stem above the crown of the plant. In contrast, cultivars from A. hypogaea ssp. fastigiata var. fasrigiata and var. vulgaris formed few nodules on the. hypocotyl. Non-nodulating plants have been observed in 13 crosses. Genetic analysis indicates that two independent recessive genes are involved. Some progeny of these crosses also form a few big nodules, a trait which seems to be controlled by the host plant

Registration of Five Nonnodulating Peanut Germplasm Lines

FIVE NONNODULATING PEANUT (Arachis hypogaea L.) germplasm lines, 'ICGL 1' (Reg. no. GP-50, PI 544348), 'ICGL 2' (Reg. no. GP-51, PI 544349), 'ICGL 3' (Reg. no. GP-52, PI 544350), 'ICGL 4' (Reg. no. GP-53, PI 544351), and 'ICGL 5' (Reg. no. GP-54, PI 544352), were developed at the research center of the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India. They were subsequently released in 1989. The basis for release of these five lines is their nonnodulating trait, which may be useful in studies relating to N2 fixation and uptake in peanu

Nitrogen Fixation By Groundnut (Arachis Hypogaea) In Intercropped And Rotational Systems

This paper examines the nodulation and nitrogen furation of groundnut when grown in pure culture or in associatbn with pearl millet, maize or sorghum. In all cases, association of groundnut with a cereal resulted in reduced nodulation and nitrogen fixation. This was ascribed to shading of the groundnut, leading to reduced photosynthesis. When grain milkt was planted in rotation wish groundnut or maize supplied 21) kg N/ha, yield following .groundnut were 524 kg/ha greater than obtained in the millet] maize rotation

Nitrogen Fixation By Groundnut (Arachis Hypoga Ea) In Intercropped And Rotational Systems

This paper examines the nodulation and nitrogen furation of groundnut when grown in pure culture or in associatbn with pearl millet, maize or sorghum. In all cases, association of groundnut with a cereal resulted in reduced nodulation and nitrogen fixation. This was ascribed to shading of the groundnut, leading to reduced photosynthesis. When grain milkt was planted in rotation wish groundnut or maize supplied 21) kg N/ha, yield following .groundnut were 524 kg/ha greater than obtained in the millet] maize rotation

Combining Ability Analysis of N2-Fixation and Related Traits in Peanut

Analysis of a six parent diallel cross involving high and low nitrogen fixing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes revealed the predominant nature of non-additive genetic variance for nitrogenase activity and other traits. Germplasm line, NC Ac 2821 had the highest general combining ability for nitrogenase activity, total nitrogen, leaf area, and top weight, and therefore, it should be a good parent for use in breeding programs. Nitrogenase activity was significantly and positively correlated with nodule number, nodule mass, total nitrogen, top weight, and root weight. This evidence suggests the possibility of breeding for increased nitrogen fixation and thus yield in peanut

Effect of intercropping on nodulation and N2-fixation by groundnut

Nodulation and N2-fixation of groundnuts were studied in pure stands and intercropping systems. Intercropping with maize, sorghum or Pennisetum americanum reduced nodulation and N2-fixation. This is ascribed to shading of groundnuts by cereals and the consequent decrease in photosynthesis of the legume canopy

A multi-centre cohort study evaluating the role of Inflammatory Markers In patient’s presenting with acute ureteric Colic (MIMIC)

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous Stone Passage (SSP) rates in acute ureteric colic range from 47–75%. There is conflicting evidence on the role of raised inflammatory markers in acute ureteric colic. The use of an easily applicable biomarker that could predict SSP or need for intervention would improve the management of obstructing ureteric stones. Thus, there is a need to determine in an appropriately powered study, in patients who are initially managed conservatively, which factors at the time of acute admission can predict subsequent patient outcome such as SSP and the need for intervention. Particularly, establishing whether levels of white cell count (WBC) at presentation are associated with likelihood of SSP or intervention may guide clinicians on the management of these patients’ stones. DESIGN: Multi-center cohort study disseminated via the UK British Urology Researchers in Surgical Training (BURST) and Australian Young Urology Researchers Organisation (YURO). PRIMARY RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the association between WBC and SSP in patients discharged from emergency department after initial conservative management? PATIENT POPULATION: Patients who have presented with acute renal colic with CT KUB evidence of a solitary ureteric stone. A minimum sample size of 720 patients across 15 centres will be needed. HYPOTHESIS: A raised WBC is associated with decreased odds of spontaneous stone passage. PRIMARY OUTCOME: The occurrence of SSP within six months of presentation with acute ureteric colic (YES/NO). SSP was defined as absence of need for intervention to assist stone passage STATISTICAL ANALYSIS PLAN: A multivariable logistic regression model will be constructed, where the outcome of interest is SSP using data from patients who do not undergo intervention at presentation. A random effect will be used to account for clustering of patients within hospitals/institutions. The model will include adjustments for gender, age as control variables

Genetics of Non-nodulation in Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

In crosses between PI259747 (resistant to Puccinia arachidis) used as male parent on the one hand and NC17 and NC Ac2731 on the other, plants which had no nodules and which had yellow foliage were observed in the F2 from both crosses; the F3 from NC17 X PI259747 was also studied. The data from the F2 and F3 suggested that nodulation was controlled by independent duplicate genes and that it was plants with n1n1n2n2 which did not nodulate