Photochemical synthesis

Photochemical reactions are generally easily carried out, at least in laboratory scale, and require no expensive apparatus. Some general reactions, e.g. the cycloaddition of enones to alkenes and various oxygenations have been extensively investigated and represent an excellent choice for preparative applications. Many other possibilities are known-and a few are presented below. This suggests that photochemical steps should be considered more often in synthetic planning

Interaction Energies of Ionic Liquids with Metallic Nanoparticles: Solvation and Stabilization Effects.

International audienceThe interaction energies and solvation structure of ruthenium nanoparticles (RuNPs) in ionic liquids are studied here by titration calorimetry and by molecular simulation. The size of metallic nanoparticles synthesized in situ in ionic liquids can be controlled, and the resulting suspensions are stable without additional surface-active molecules. However, little is known about the energetics and mechanisms of solvation of nanoparticles in these complex, structured solvents. Ionic liquids were added into a suspension of RuNPs in [C1C4Im][NTf2], and the heat effect was recorded. The background heat of mixing of the two ionic liquids was measured separately. The interaction energy of [C1CnIm][NTf2] (n = 6, 8, 10) with RuNPs is larger than that of [C1C4Im][NTf2] indicating that longer alkyl side chains enhance the interactions with RuNPs. [C1C2Im][NTf2] also has stronger interactions with the nanoparticles, but this cation does not possess a significant nonpolar moiety. Ionic liquids with lesser propensity to form Hbonds such as [C1C1C4Im][NTf2] or [C1C4Pyrro][NTf2] interact less favorably with RuNPs. No significant effect of the anion structure was observed when changing the ionic liquid from [C1C4Im][NTf2] to [C1C4Im][PF6]. Structural information from molecular simulation shows that the charged head groups of both the cations and the anions are in contact with the nanoparticle, with only small charge separation at the interface. Alkyl side chains tend to point away from the nanoparticle but are still within interaction range. The overall picture results from a balance between electrostatic, van der Waals, and H-bond forces, which changes between different ionic liquids