49 research outputs found
The packing density and the coordination number of regular spherical packing
The article shows the receiving of density equation of regular spherical packing functioning as an effective coordination number and dimension of space on the basis of six-dimensional physical space determinatio
Simulation of the coordination number of random sphere packing
Given article presents a generalized equation for calculating the average coordination
number from the density of a random sphere packing, supplemented by a dependence on the threshold value of the interparticle distance in two- and three-dimensional spaces. It is shown that the calculation of the average coordination numbers according to the proposed equation gives an unambiguous correspondence between the simulated, calculated and experimental data for threshold values of more than 1.02 particle diameters. An explanation of the weak dependence of the average coordinate number on the packing density for small threshold values of the interparticle distance is given in this wor
Mathematical model of coordination number of spherical packing
The article considers a mathematical model of the coordination number, which allows obtaining an equation for multi component spherical packing in the entire range of its change. The resulting model can be used in both 2-d and 3-d spaces. The concept of the coordination index is introduced as a function of the inter-particle distance related to a single particle located near the central particle. The model provides unambiguous compliance between the simulated and calculated data on the coordination numbers of the spherical packin
Computer modeling of parameters of the electronic shell of the atom
In work results of computer modeling of parameters of an electron shell of atom such as orbital radiuses and constants of shielding are presented. It is shown that for atoms with completely filled electronic subshells, the dependence of the orbital radii from the nuclear charge (atomic number) can be described by application of a computing experiment, and to consider the received equations as a basis for extrapolation of data on orbital radiuses on all range of atomic numbers of elements what gives the chance of creation of the full scheme of dependence of orbital radii on charging number of the nucleus and calculation of the average size of ato
Π‘ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ± ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°
This paper presents the results of a series of studies aimed at investigating the reference material (RM) of a multicomponent solution. An algorithm for estimating the uncertainty induced by the chemical element content in the RM is proposed taking into account the mass of the measurand in each component of the mixture. The results calculated according to the preparation procedure using the proposed algorithm were confirmed by the Monte Carlo method, while the elemental content in the mixture was confirmed via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. The applicability of weighted mean estimates for characterizing an RM of a multicomponent solution is shown.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅-ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ, Π° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π·Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ
The article studies the development of transfer measurement standards in the form of high-purity metals (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn). The evaluation of the mass fraction of the main component (MDOK) is performed by an indirect method (100 %o minus the sum of impurities). The impurity composition of the reference measurement standard materials was determined by mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma, reductive and oxidative melting using the State primary measurement standard of mass (molar) fraction and mass (molar) concentration of the component in liquid and solid substances and materials, based on coulometry, GET 176. The relative expanded uncertainty of MDOK (k = 2, P = 0,95) in the reference measurement standards was less, than 0,01 %o, in gravimetrically prepared solutions of the reference measurement standard it was less than 0,05 %o in most cases. The solutions of the reference measurement standards were used in the determination of certified values of metal mass fraction and mass concentration in reference materials for composition of mono-element solutions of approved types. The relative expanded uncertainty of certified values (k = 2, P = 0,95) of reference materials variedfrom 0,22 %o to 0,54 %o. Thus, it was demonstrated that metals can be used as reference measurement standards for storing a unit of the mass fraction of the main component and transferring it during characterization of reference materials for composition of solutions of the corresponding chemical elements. This work was performed within the research project Β«Research in the field of measurements of physicochemical composition and properties of substances, aimed at the development of State transfer measurement standards in the form of high-purity substances for reproduction and transfer of the units, characterizing chemical composition of solid substancesΒ» under the code Β«PurityΒ» (2015-2017) and research and development project Β«Research in the field of measurements ofphysicochemical composition and properties of substances, aimed at the development of State transfer measurement standards in the form of high-purity substances for reproduction and transfer of the units, characterizing the chemical composition of solid substances and the development of reference measurement proceduresΒ» under the code Β«Purity-2Β» in the field of physicochemical measurements of composition and properties of inorganic components in solid substances (metals and salts) and food safety indicators under the code Β«Purity-2bΒ» (2017-2019).Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ (Ag, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ge, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, V, Zn). ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° (ΠΠΠΠ) Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ (100 % ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ). ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ, Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ (ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ) ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ’176. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠΠΠ (k=2, P=0,95) Π² ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 0,01 %, Π² Π³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ - ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 0,05 % Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π². Π Π°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ (k=2, P=0,95) ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΎΡ 0,22% Π΄ΠΎ 0,54%ΠΎ. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ, Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Β» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ Β«Π§ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Β» (2015-2016 Π³Π³.) ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ», ΡΠΈΡΡ Β«Π§ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ°-2Β» Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
(ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ) ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΒ» ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΌ Β«Π§ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ°-2Π±Β» (2017-2019 Π³Π³.)
Alumosilicate ceramic proppants based on natural refractory raw materials
The sintering-strengthening effect of the additions of the highly ferrous bauxite (with Fe[2]O[3] content of 20-25 % in the calcined state) in the compositions with refractory clays was established. It was found that in the temperature range 1350-1500Β°C the additions of bauxite in amounts of 10-40% have a fluxing effect due to the iron oxide introduced with bauxite in compositions with clay. An increasing the bauxite additive in the amount of 50-70% ensures its strengthening effect by increasing the total content of the mullite of the prismatic habit in the firing products of composites with clay. Preliminary clay and bauxite calcination at 900 Β°Π‘ and an increase in the content of bauxite additive up to 50-70% in compositions with clay allow to produce aluminosilicate proppants with a bulk density of 1.62-1.65 g/Ρm{3} and compressive strength up to 52 MPa
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² Π²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
In this work, algorithms for the characterization of reference materials are developed based on the data model of an interlaboratory experiment containing hidden uncertainties. These algorithms make it possible to evaluate hidden uncertainties, and, taking into account these estimates, adjust the data and obtain an agreed value of the certified characteristics. The Monte Carlo method was used to study the properties of estimates of hidden uncertainties, as well as the study of new algorithms in comparison with traditional ones.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅-ΠΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π°Π»Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
The establishment and control of the metrological characteristics of the determination of trace elements in biological materials is an urgent task due to the wide application of these measurements in medical laboratory diagnostics. In the course of the research, the process of developing a primary reference procedure for measuring the mass fraction and molar concentration of copper and zinc in biological materials by isotope dilution mass spectrometry is presented. The optimal conditions for sample preparation and measurements by isotope dilution and mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma are determined in order to increase the accuracy. The sources of uncertainty are studied; the contribution of each source to the uncertainty budget is estimated. During the certification of the developed measurement procedure, the following metrological characteristics were determined: the measurement range of the mass fraction of copper and zinc is from 1 β 10β6 to 1,5 β 10β3 %, the measurement range of the molar concentration of copper and zinc is from 2 to 20 Β΅mol/dm3, the relative expanded measurement uncertainty of the mass fraction of copper is (7.1β7.5) %, the relative expanded uncertainty of the mass fraction of zinc is (8.9β9.2) %, the relative expanded uncertainty of the molar concentration of copper is 8.8 %, the relative expanded uncertainty of the molar concentration of zinc is 8.6 %.The developed procedure is intended to establish the metrological characteristics of reference materials for the composition of lyophilized blood serum and reconstituted lyophilized blood serum, control the accuracy of the measurement results obtained using other procedures (methods) of measuring similar values, perform high-precision measurements of mass fractions and molar concentrations of copper and zinc in lyophilized blood serum and reconstituted lyophilized blood serum for referee purposes.Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠΈΠ»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΈΠ°Π³Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅.Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π² Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π±Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π² Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ: Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ 1 β 10β6 Π΄ΠΎ 1,5 β 10β3 %, Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΠΏΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ½ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΎΡ 2 Π΄ΠΎ 20 ΠΌΠΊΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ/Π΄ΠΌ3, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ βΒ (7,1β7,5) %, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° βΒ (8,9β9,2) %, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ βΒ 8,8 %, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° βΒ 8,6 %.Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π° Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ (ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²) ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° Π² Π°ΡΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
Π² Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈ