Monoclonal antibodies to the cells of a regenerating limb

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against differentiated cells, and blastemal cells from regenerating limbs of adult newts (Notophthalmus viridescens) and screened for specific staining by immunocytochemistry. In addition to antibodies that identify muscle, Schwann cells and cartilage, two reagents were specific for subpopulations of blastemal cells. One of these latter antibodies, termed 22/18, has provided new evidence about the origin of blastemal cells from Schwann cells and rnyofibres, and also identifies blastemal cells whose division is persistently dependent on the nerve supply

An observation of LHR noise with banded structure by the sounding rocket S29 Barium-GEOS

The measurement of electrostatic and obviously locally produced noise near the lower hybrid frequency made by the sounding rocket S29 Barium-GEOS is reported. The noise is strongly related to the spin of the rocket and reaches well below the local lower hybrid resonance frequency. Above the altitude of 300 km the noise shows banded structure roughly organized by the hydrogen cyclotron frequency. Simultaneously with the banded structure, a signal near the hydrogen cyclotron frequency is detected. This signal is also spin related. The characteristics of the noise suggest that it is locally generated by the rocket payload disturbing the plasma. If this interpretation is correct we expect plasma wave experiments on other spacecrafts, e.g., the space shuttle to observe similar phenomena

Competition at the Teller\u27s Window?: Altered Antitrust Standards for Banks and Other Financial Institutions

Congressional and judicial attitudes towards the banking industry have reflected two, sometimes conflicting, goals-the maintenance of the solvency of financial institutions to protect the interests of depositors, other creditors and the economy at large; and the promotion of competition among these institutions and in the economy. The advancement of these goals has been reflected in the application of the antitrust laws to the industry. For the most part, the Sherman and Clayton Acts apply with the same force and scope to financial institutions as to other industries. In some cases, however, the goal of institutional protection is favored, and the antitrust laws are relaxed to a degree. As an example, the Bank Merger Act insulates banks to some extent from the full reach of section 7 of the Clayton Act, in the belief that certain mergers will strengthen the banks and will promote the financial well-being of the banks\u27 customers and the community in which they operate. By contrast, in some other cases the goal of advancing competition is elevated, and banks are held to a higher antitrust standard than other industries. For example, certain conditional transactions - tying arrangements, reciprocal dealing or exclusive dealing arrangements - are tested by more stringent standards than those applied to other industries. This article will first provide an overview of the banking industry in the United States, with an examination of the different kinds of institutions and their services, and of the different types of banking regulations. An appreciation of the variegated nature of the banking industry will help in evaluating claims either for an antitrust exemption-total or partial-or for higher antitrust standards. The article will then consider three areas of antitrust law in which banks have been singled out for special treatment - mergers and acquisitions, interlocking directorates, and conditional transactions

Competition at the Teller\u27s Window?: Altered Antitrust Standards for Banks and Other Financial Institutions

Congressional and judicial attitudes towards the banking industry have reflected two, sometimes conflicting, goals-the maintenance of the solvency of financial institutions to protect the interests of depositors, other creditors and the economy at large; and the promotion of competition among these institutions and in the economy. The advancement of these goals has been reflected in the application of the antitrust laws to the industry. For the most part, the Sherman and Clayton Acts apply with the same force and scope to financial institutions as to other industries. In some cases, however, the goal of institutional protection is favored, and the antitrust laws are relaxed to a degree. As an example, the Bank Merger Act insulates banks to some extent from the full reach of section 7 of the Clayton Act, in the belief that certain mergers will strengthen the banks and will promote the financial well-being of the banks\u27 customers and the community in which they operate. By contrast, in some other cases the goal of advancing competition is elevated, and banks are held to a higher antitrust standard than other industries. For example, certain conditional transactions - tying arrangements, reciprocal dealing or exclusive dealing arrangements - are tested by more stringent standards than those applied to other industries. This article will first provide an overview of the banking industry in the United States, with an examination of the different kinds of institutions and their services, and of the different types of banking regulations. An appreciation of the variegated nature of the banking industry will help in evaluating claims either for an antitrust exemption-total or partial-or for higher antitrust standards. The article will then consider three areas of antitrust law in which banks have been singled out for special treatment - mergers and acquisitions, interlocking directorates, and conditional transactions

Antitrust Exemptions for Private Requests for Governmental Action: A Critical Analysis of the Noerr-Pennington Doctrine

Section 1 of the Sherman Act makes it unlawful for persons to engage in a combination or conspiracy, in restraint of trade. A variety of undertakings by persons seeking legislative action, judicial relief, administrative agency activity, or action by the executive branch of government may result in governmental steps which restrain competitors or diminish competition. Indeed, the very act of seeking governmental intervention, even if unsuccessful, may have adverse competitive effects. Similarly, monopolization or attempts to monopolize, proscribed by Section 2 of the Sherman Act, might actually be advanced by governmental activities or by an individual merely seeking governmental assistance. Other provisions of the antitrust laws may also involve or be advanced by governmental intervention and private requests for such assistance. Although such conduct may raise competitive concerns, petitions by individuals or groups of individuals for governmental action or intervention implicate other important political and constitutional values. In Eastern Railroad Presidents Conference v. Noerr Motor Freight, Inc., the seminal decision dealing with the interface of antitrust prohibitions and the right to seek governmental relief, the Supreme Court identified the various reasons why private requests for such action are generally immunized from challenge under the antitrust laws. This Article will assess the present state of the law in this area, focusing on judicial attempts to resolve these thorny questions. Part I summarizes the development of the Noerr-Pennington doctrine and subsequent judicial limitations. Part II considers the applicability of the Noerr-Pennington doctrine to various agencies. Part III discusses whether certain methods of petitioning the government fall outside the exemption and the extent to which that exemption is dependent on the type of governmental body being petitioned. Part IV focuses on the most frequently litigated exception, the sham petition. Part V analyzes the special problems posed by these cases and proposes suggestions for resolution

Multipayload interferometric wave vector determination of auroral hiss

We extend traditional, single payload, interferometric techniques to a multiple payload sounding rocket mission, and apply these techniques to measure the parallel and perpendicular wavelength of auroral VLF hiss from 8 kHz–20 kHz. We model the wavelength distribution of auroral hiss as a cone at a fixed angle with respect to the magnetic field that is isotropically distributed in the perpendicular plane. We apply this model to calculate the interferometric observables, coherency and phase, for a sounding rocket mission whose wave electric field receivers are on payloads that are separated 2–3 km along the magnetic field and 55–200 m across the magnetic field. Using an interferometer formed by comparing the collinear sphere-to-skin electric field antennas on a single payload, we estimate a lower limit on the perpendicular wavelength of VLF hiss of ∼60 m. Analysis of coherency and phase due to this conical wave vector distribution for a multipayload interferometer reveals the existence of a spin dependent coherency pattern. From this coherency pattern we generate an upper limit perpendicular wavelength estimate for VLF hiss of ∼350 m. The inter-payload phase gives an accurate estimate of the parallel wavelength of ∼6000–8000 m. This parallel wavelength is combined with the lower (upper) limit perpendicular wavelength estimates to generate upper (lower) limits on wave-normal angle. These limits are each within one degree of the predicted electrostatic whistler wave resonance cone angle verifying that VLF hiss propagates on this resonance cone

Flow and equation of state in heavy-ion collisions

The status of flow in heavy-ion collisions and of inference of hadronic-matter properties is reviewed.Comment: 11 pages, 12 figures, talk given at Quark Matter '99, Torino, Ital

Multi-payload measurement of transverse velocity shears in the topside ionosphere

Using a multi-payload sounding rocket mission, we present the first direct measurement of velocity shear in the topside auroral ionosphere. In regions of large, ∼200 mV/m, transient electric fields we directly measure differences in the plasma drift velocity. From these differences, shear frequencies reaching ±6Hz are measured. These directly measured shears are compared with the shear inferred from single payload measurements. It is shown this traditional measurement of shear overestimates the shear frequency by a factor of two for this event, highlighting the importance of the temporal component of near-DC electric field structures. Coincident with these strong fields and shears are enhanced emissions of broadband, extremely low frequency (BB-ELF) plasma waves, and a narrowband wave emission near the H+-O+bi-ion resonant frequency

Trigger, an active release experiment that stimulated auroral particle precipitation and wave emissions

The experiment design, including a description of the diagnostic and chemical release payload, and the general results are given for an auroral process simulation experiment. A drastic increase of the field aligned charged particle flux was observed over the approximate energy range 10 eV to more than 300 keV, starting about 150 ms after the release and lasting about one second. The is evidence of a second particle burst, starting one second after the release and lasting for tens of seconds, and evidence for a periodic train of particle bursts occurring with a 7.7 second period from 40 to 130 seconds after the release. A transient electric field pulse of 200 mv/m appeared just before the particle flux increase started. Electrostatic wave emissions around 2 kHz, as well as a delayed perturbation of the E-region below the plasma cloud were also observed. Some of the particle observations are interpreted in terms of field aligned electrostatic acceleration a few hundred kilometers above the injected plasma cloud. It is suggested that the acceleration electric field was created by an instability driven by field aligned currents originating in the plasma cloud