Oncological considerations of skin-sparing mastectomy

AIM: To review evidence concerning the oncological safety of performing skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) for invasive breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Furthermore, the evidence concerning RT in relation to SSM and the possibility of nipple preservation was considered. METHODS: Literature review facilitated by Medline and PubMed databases. FINDINGS: Despite the lack of randomised controlled trials, SSM has become an accepted procedure in women undergoing mastectomy and immediate reconstruction for early breast cancer. Compared to non-skin-sparing mastectomy (NSSM), SSM seems to be oncologically safe in patients undergoing mastectomy for invasive tumours smaller than 5 cm, multicentric tumours, DCIS or risk-reduction. However, the technique should be avoided in patients with inflammatory breast cancer or in those with extensive tumour involvement of the skin in view of the high risk of local recurrence. SSM with nipple areola complex (NAC) preservation appears to be oncologically safe, provided the tumour is not close to the nipple and a frozen section protocol for the retro-areolar tissue is followed. Although radiotherapy (RT) does not represent a contraindication to SSM, the latter should be used with caution if postoperative RT is likely, since it detracts from the final cosmetic outcome

Not Available

Not AvailableGenotype selection and recommendations are influenced by genotype x environment interactions (GEI). Identification of stable and high yielding cultivars is the main objective of the multi-environment data analysis. The objective of this study was to analyze rank correlations among ANOVA, Eberhart and Russell and biplot analyses in ranking of genotypes for yield, stability and yield-stability. The study included 16 forage sorghum genotypes evaluated at 14 environments across two years. The results showed significant effects due to environments, genotypes and GEI, suggesting differential response of genotypes. Environment (E) main effects accounted for >80% of the variation, compared to <20% for genotype (G) and GEI effects together. For yield rankings, all the three methods are positively and significantly correlated, while for stability ranking, ER and biplot analysis had positive significant correlation, indicating that both methods have identified the same genotypes for stability. GGE biplot has the advantage of identifying megaenvironments and the genotypes for each mega-environment.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableImprovement in multi-cut forage sorghum varieties that can perform better than SSG 59-3, a sweet Sudan grass released in 1974, has been a challenge. Efforts were made to create variability in SSG 59-3 through mutagenesis using both physical and chemical mutagens. Fifteen such mutants were evaluated for 2 years in different locations in India. Considerable variability was observed for important fodder yield and quality traits. SSG 237 flowered 10d early than SSG 59-3. SSG 231, SSG 260, SSG 232 and SSG 237 had high protein percentage and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) values compared with SSG 59-3. Hydrocyanic acid (HCN), a major anti-nutritional factor, was low in six mutants, the lowest being in SSG 226. This variability can be used in different breeding programmes aimed at improving multi-cut forage sorghum varieties. The lines with improved fodder quality (low HCN, high protein and IVDMD) can be used in the breeding programme for the improvement in multi-cut forage sorghum varieties.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableCytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) has proved to be an effective and efficient genetic tool in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) hybrid breeding programs. The A1 (milo cytoplasm) CMS type has been widely exploited to produce both commercial grain and forage sorghum hybrids. To explore the possibility of using alternative CMS (non-milo cytoplasm) sources, we studied the effect of cytoplasm on forage yield and quality in sorghum. Nine female (CMS) lines (representing three each in A1, A2, and A3 cytoplasms) and five male lines were used to generate 45 hybrids, which were evaluated in three environments. Cytoplasm and its first-order interaction with location and male and female lines showed the presence of a cytoplasmic effect on the majority of fodder yield and quality traits examined. The CMS lines possessing A3 cytoplasm (A3N213 and A3N193) were good combiners for important fodder yield and quality traits. For hydrocyanic acid, the CMS lines possessing A1 cytoplasm were good combiners. Mean performance of hybrids and combining ability analysis of parents revealed that A3 cytoplasm can be used along with the widely used A1 cytoplasm, which helps in the diversification of the male sterile base of forage sorghum hybrids.Not Availabl

Not Available

Not AvailableCytoplasmicmalesterility(CMS)hasprovedtobeaneffectiveandefficientgenetictoolinsorghum(Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench)hybridbreedingprograms.TheA1 (milocytoplasm)CMStypehasbeenwidelyexploitedtoproduce both commercial grain and forage sorghum hybrids. To explore the possibility of using alternative CMS (non-milo cytoplasm) sources, we studied the effect of cytoplasm on forage yield and quality in sorghum. Nine female (CMS) lines (representing three each in A1,A 2, and A3 cytoplasms) and five male lines were used to generate 45 hybrids, which were evaluatedinthreeenvironments.Cytoplasmanditsfirst-orderinteractionwithlocationandmaleandfemalelinesshowedthe presence of a cytoplasmic effect on the majority of fodder yield and quality traits examined. The CMS lines possessing A3 cytoplasm(A3N213andA3N193)weregoodcombinersforimportantfodderyieldandqualitytraits.Forhydrocyanicacid, theCMSlinespossessingA1cytoplasmweregoodcombiners.Meanperformanceofhybridsandcombiningabilityanalysis ofparentsrevealedthatA3cytoplasmcanbeusedalongwiththewidelyusedA1cytoplasm,whichhelpsinthediversification of the male sterile base of forage sorghum hybrids.Not Availabl