Predicting wave force on vertically submerged rectangular thin plate in intermediate depth of water using second-order perturbation equation

1330-1340The present paper studies the nonlinearity effect of an ocean wave on a thin rectangular plate under two geometrical configurations in the intermediate water. The perturbation approximation method was derived analytically up to the second-order. Analytical results was validated by the numerical method of Simpson's 1/3 rule. Results showed that the horizontal force of the wave on a plate recorded at the water surface (z/d = 0) was significantly high for ε = 0.175 and d/L = 0.24 as compared to the low value of relative depth. The results also showed that the wave forces are gradually converging to each other under two types of geometrical configurations with the decrease of relative depth. Nonlinear effect of the wave forces on the plate in the form of double peaks was found in the graph at a low value of d/L = 0.10 and wave steepness ε (= 0.070). This study revealed that due to the effect of nonlinearity, greater wave force occurred at a depth d = 3 m and T = 3 s and d/L = 0.24 on a thin plate and also implied that this force does not occur at the stage of double peaks form

Global sorghum production scenario

Sorghum is an important cereal crop which is grown globally for food and feed purposes. It is most widely grown in the semi-arid tropics where water availability is limited and frequently subjected to drought. About 100 countries grow sorghum, of which 66 cultivate it over more than 1000 ha or produce more than 1000 t. India has the largest sorghum area with 10.06 million ha (Table 2.1). The second largest sorghum cultivating country is Nigeria, followed by Sudan, USA and Niger. More than 90% of the world’s sorghum area lies in the developing countries, mainly in Africa and Asia. In terms of annual production, USA tops the list with 13.38 million t during 1999-2001, followed by India (8.23 million t), Nigeria (7.65 million t), Mexico (6.09 million t) and Argentina (3.16 million t). However, none of these countries recorded the highest global yields. The highest sorghum yields during 1999-2001 were recorded by Israel (12 664 kg ha-1), followed by Jordan (11 711 kg ha-1), Italy (6458 kg ha-1), Algeria (6400 kg ha-1) and France (6094 kg ha-1). Thus while Asian and African countries like India and Nigeria had the largest area devoted to sorghum cultivation, those in West Asia (like Israel and Jordan) and Europe (Italy and France) reaped the highest yields. It may be noted that Israel and Jordan are not major sorghum-growing countries. The average area under the crop during 1999-2001 was 1006 ha and production 13 400 t in Israel, and 30 ha and 300 t in Jordan. This chapter presents the global sorghum production situation and trends. It updates the trends and outlook given in FAO and ICRISAT (1996). It also analyzes changes in sorghum production and sources of changes during the last three decades

Raman scattering study of LiKSO<SUB>4</SUB>-phases II and III

Detailed Raman scattering investigation of LiKSO4 in phases II and III across the transition temperature Tc &#x22CD; 700 K is reported. Abrupt change in frequency and line width of the external and internal modes have been observed. Analysis of the results suggests lithium positional disorder and sulphate orientational disorder in the high temperature phase (II). The results also throw some light on the existence of twin domains in the crystal

PT-symmetric Solutions of Schrodinger Equation with position-dependent mass via Point Canonical Transformation

PT-symmetric solutions of Schrodinger equation are obtained for the Scarf and generalized harmonic oscillator potentials with the position-dependent mass. A general point canonical transformation is applied by using a free parameter. Three different forms of mass distributions are used. A set of the energy eigenvalues of the bound states and corresponding wave functions for target potentials are obtained as a function of the free parameter.Comment: 13 page