Sanksi Pidana Bagi Korporasi Atas Pemalsuan Uang Rupiah

Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana bentuk-bentuk larangan bagi korporasi untuk mencegah terjadinya pemalsuan uang rupiah dan bagaimana pemberlakuan sanksi pidana terhadap korporasi apabila melakukan pemalsuan mata uang rupiah. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normative dan dapat disimpulkan, bahwa: 1. Bentuk-bentuk larangan bagi korporasi dan orang persorangan untuk mencegah terjadinya pemalsuan uang rupiah selain melarang memalsu rupiah, dilarang menyimpan secara fisik dengan cara apa pun yang diketahuinya merupakan Rupiah Palsu atau mengedarkan dan/atau membelanjakan Rupiah yang diketahuinya merupakan Rupiah Palsu. 2. Sanksi pidana terhadap korporasi dalam pemalsuan mata uang rupiah dijatuhkan terhadap korporasi berupa pidana denda dengan ketentuan ancaman pidana denda maksimum ditambah 1/3 (satu per tiga). Dalam hal terpidana korporasi tidak mampu membayar pidana denda, dalam putusan pengadilan dicantumkan perintah penyitaan harta benda korporasi dan/atau harta benda pengurus korporasi

Density Functional Study of Cubic to Rhombohedral Transition in α\alpha-AlF3_3

Under heating, $\alpha$-AlF$_3$ undergoes a structural phase transition from rhombohedral to cubic at temperature $T$ around 730 K. The density functional method is used to examine the $T$=0 energy surface in the structural parameter space, and finds the minimum in good agreement with the observed rhombohedral structure. The energy surface and electronic wave-functions at the minimum are then used to calculate properties including density of states, $\Gamma$-point phonon modes, and the dielectric function. The dipole formed at each fluorine ion in the low temperature phase is also calculated, and is used in a classical electrostatic picture to examine possible antiferroelectric aspects of this phase transition.Comment: A 6-page manuscript with 4 figures and 4 table

Induction and inhibition of Drosophila X chromosome gene expression are both impeded by the dosage compensation complex

Sex chromosomes frequently differ from the autosomes in the frequencies of genes with sexually dimorphic or tissue-specific expression. Multiple hypotheses have been put forth to explain the unique gene content of the X chromosome, including selection against male-beneficial X-linked alleles, expression limits imposed by the haploid dosage of the X in males, and interference by the dosage compensation complex on expression in males. Here, we investigate these hypotheses by examining differential gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster following several treatments that have widespread transcriptomic effects: bacterial infection, viral infection, and abiotic stress. We found that genes that are induced (upregulated) by these biotic and abiotic treatments are frequently under-represented on the X chromosome, but so are those that are repressed (downregulated) following treatment. We further show that whether a gene is bound by the dosage compensation complex in males can largely explain the paucity of both up- and downregulated genes on the X chromosome. Specifically, genes that are bound by the dosage compensation complex, or close to a dosage compensation complex high-affinity site, are unlikely to be up- or downregulated after treatment. This relationship, however, could partially be explained by a correlation between differential expression and breadth of expression across tissues. Nonetheless, our results suggest that dosage compensation complex binding, or the associated chromatin modifications, inhibit both up- and downregulation of X chromosome gene expression within specific contexts, including tissue-specific expression. We propose multiple possible mechanisms of action for the effect, including a role of Males absent on the first, a component of the dosage compensation complex, as a dampener of gene expression variance in both males and females. This effect could explain why the Drosophila X chromosome is depauperate in genes with tissue-specific or induced expression, while the mammalian X has an excess of genes with tissue-specific expression

A GSS Tool for Collaborative Cause and Effect Diagramming: Motivation and Design

Although GSSs provide a variety of problem solving methods, current GSSs do not provide groups the capability to employ traditionally used diagramming techniques. This paper presents a tool specifically designed to support collaborative cause and effect (C&E) diagramming. The C&E tool takes advantage of both GSS and representational approaches and provides a unique problem formulation and identification aid. The place of the GSS tool in a cumulative program of information systems research is described

Production of fluconazole-loaded polymeric micelles using membrane and microfluidic dispersion devices

Polymeric micelles with a controlled size in the range between 41 and 80 nm were prepared by injecting the organic phase through a microengineered nickel membrane or a tapered-end glass capillary into an aqueous phase. The organic phase was composed of 1 mg mL 1 of PEG-b-PCL diblock copolymers with variable molecular weights, dissolved in tetrahydrofuran (THF) or acetone. The pore size of the membrane was 20 m and the aqueous/organic phase volumetric flow rate ratio ranged from 1.5 to 10. Block copolymers were successfully synthesized withMn ranging from ~9700 to 16,000 g mol 1 and polymeric micelles were successfully produced from both devices. Micelles produced from the membrane device were smaller than those produced from the microfluidic device, due to the much smaller pore size compared with the orifice size in a co-flow device. The micelles were found to be relatively stable in terms of their size with an initial decrease in size attributed to evaporation of residual solvent rather than their structural disintegration. Fluconazole was loaded into the cores of micelles by injecting the organic phase composed of 0.5–2.5 mg mL 1 fluconazole and 1.5 mg mL 1 copolymer. The size of the drug-loaded micelles was found to be significantly larger than the size of empty micelles

Expansion properties of Alginate beads as cell carrier in the fluidized bed bioartificial liver

The homogeneous expansion behaviour of liquid-fluidized beds is exploited in various fields such as minerals engineering and biotechnology. Innovative fluidized bed bioreactor concepts have been also explored for applications as bioartificial organs, particularly the bioartificial liver (1). It has been shown that the fluidized bed bioreactor constituted of alginate beads hosting liver cells is one of the promising solution to a bioartificial liver. Compared to other solutions, fluidization of alginate beads containing the cells does not suffer from the severe limitations to mass transfer between the beads and the perfusion medium. In the present work, appropriate alginate beads were prepared by the alginate drop gelation in calcium chloride. The beads were characterized in terms of size distribution and density. Sauter mean diameter of 813 m and density of 1020 kg/m3 were obtained. The latter shows a value very close to usual perfusion fluid, which required also careful evaluation of the liquid properties. Expansion properties were evaluated for free alginate beads (i.e. without hepatic cells) using saline solutions as fluidization medium. Bed expansions have been conducted in a small-size 1-cm diameter column used for perfusion in in vitro experiments as well as in a bigger 10-cm diameter column close to human size bioreactor. Velocity-voidage plots are reported and elaborated in terms of Richardson-Zaki parameters, showing the effect of walls and the different distributor. ACKNOLEDGEMENTS The financial support of the European Union through the Project FP7-PEOPLE-2012-ITN “Training network for developing innovative bioartificial devices for treatment of kidney and liver disease” is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES Gautier A., Carpentier B., Dufresne M., Vu Dinh Q., Paullier P., Legallais C. Impact of alginate type and bead diameter on mass transfers and the metabolic activities of encapsulated C3A cells in bioartificial liver applications. European Cells and Materials 2011, 21:94-106

Aspects of participatory plant breeding for quinoa in marginal areas of Ecuador

Field trials were carried out in Ecuador with two indigenous communities, Ninín Cachipata and La Esperanza, to determine farmers¿ preferences for quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivars and to improve PPB processes. More women than men participated, reflecting that quinoa, a primarily subsistence crop, is mainly managed by women. Farmers¿ field selection criteria for quinoa in the field were mostly based on yield, earliness and plant colour; however only breeders¿ measurements of yield and panicle height significantly correlated to farmer selection scores. Older women gave higher scores than younger women or men, apparently due to a concept of no cultivar being without value. Working in same gender pairs improved evaluation richness. INIAP technicians were more discriminating in their evaluations than farmers. They also used additional selection criteria of disease resistance and uniformity. At seed selection, farmers from Ninín Cachipata, where food security is not assured, chose lines based on yield, while farmers from La Esperanza, where resources are less limiting, also considered seed size, colour, saponin content and marketability. Field characteristics were not taken into consideration at seed selection, signifying that farmers are less interested in those characteristics, or that it was difficult for them to correlate field data when presented in tabular form with seed characteristics. Future trials with small farmers should have fewer lines or replications to avoid farmer fatigue during evaluation. Farmers who grow primarily for subsistence in semi-arid environments have more interest in growing quinoa, and more to gain from having improved cultivars; therefore future participatory efforts should focus on the

Proof of principle for a high sensitivity search for the electric dipole moment of the electron using the metastable a(1)[^3\Sigma^+] state of PbO

The metastable a(1)[^3\Sigma^+] state of PbO has been suggested as a suitable system in which to search for the electric dipole moment (EDM) of the electron. We report here the development of experimental techniques allowing high-sensitivity measurements of Zeeman and Stark effects in this system, similar to those required for an EDM search. We observe Zeeman quantum beats in fluorescence from a vapor cell, with shot-noise limited extraction of the quantum beat frequencies, high counting rates, and long coherence times. We argue that improvement in sensitvity to the electron EDM by at least two orders of magnitude appears possible using these techniques.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure