The impact of educational technology: A radical reappraisal of research methods

How can we decide whether some new tool or approach is valuable? Do published results of empirical research help? This paper challenges strongly entrenched beliefs and practices in educational research and evaluation. It urges practitioners and researchers to question both results and underlying paradigms. Much published research about education and the impact of technology is pseudo‐scientific; it draws unwarranted conclusions based on conceptual blunders, inadequate design, so‐called measuring instruments that do not measure, and/or use of inappropriate statistical tests. An unacceptably high portion of empirical papers makes at least two of these errors, thus invalidating the reported conclusions

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For cooperation and assistance in the work reported here, we gratefully acknowledge Dr. William Burgoyne, State of Alaska Division of Environmental Conservation and Mr. Delon Brown, USDA, Alaska Crop and Livestock Reporting Service. We especially appreciate the efforts of numerous pesticide manufacturers, distributors, dealers, and users who took the necessary time to provide information essential for this compilation. Richard Maxwell, Agricultural Chemicals Specialist, Cooperative Extension Service, Washington State University, provided difficult to locate pesticide label information. The editors of Farm Chemicals Handbook, 1980, provided the list of preferred names as well as information regarding general application of pesticide products.Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Reference -- Pesticide Use in Alaska, 197

Anticipatory Search Warrants: The Supreme Court\u27s Opportunity to Reexamine the Framework of the Fourth Amendment

The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures, and provides that no War-rants shall issue, but upon probable cause. \u27 Although its language is relatively clear, the application of the Fourth Amendment has created more controversy than the application of perhaps any other constitutional amendment.\u27 Given the questions raised by a police-endorsed practice of anticipatory search warrants,\u27 the search and seizure debate is far from over. An anticipatory search warrant is a warrant based on a showing of probable cause that particular evidence of a crime will exist at a specific location in the future. Challenges to the validity of prospective search warrants generally focus on the absence of present probable cause. Finding that the benefits associated with this investigative device out-weigh any inherent uncertainties, most lower courts have held that the use of anticipatory search warrants under limited circumstances is not unconstitutional per se. The United States Supreme Court, however,has never addressed the constitutionality of prospective search warrants. A Supreme Court decision on anticipatory search warrants would present the opportunity to reexamine the framework of the Fourth Amendment. In theory, Fourth Amendment jurisprudence has sought to balance individual privacy interests against law enforcement interests., Recent decisions, however, have disturbed the search and seizure equilibrium by favoring the government\u27s interest in law enforcement over individual privacy interests.\u27° A Supreme Court decision on anticipatory search warrants could restore the traditional balance underlying the Fourth Amendment by reexamining issues raised by prospective search warrants such as the warrant requirement and the present probable cause inquiry. The Court also could provide much-needed guidance on broader search and seizure concerns such as the probable cause doctrine and the exclusionary rule. Moreover, a comprehensive examination of anticipatory search warrants by the Supreme Court would bring greater stability to search and seizure jurisprudence. This Recent Development attempts to analyze the constitutionality of anticipatory search warrants in a manner that allows for a critical examination of the current status of the Fourth Amendment. Part II examines the Fourth Amendment issues raised by prospective search warrants through a discussion of two recent lower court decisions. Part III charts the erosion of the Fourth Amendment doctrines pertinent to anticipatory search warrants. Part IV discusses the multifactor test proposed in United States v. Garcia for determining the validity of prospective search warrants. Part V demonstrates how the Supreme Court could reaffirm the traditional values of the Fourth Amendment by carefully limiting the constitutional validity of anticipatory search warrants.Part VI concludes that prospective search warrants could fit within the constitutional framework in a way that helps attain a proper balance of the interests underlying the Fourth Amendment

Optomechanically induced transparency and cooling in thermally stable diamond microcavities

Diamond cavity optomechanical devices hold great promise for quantum technology based on coherent coupling between photons, phonons and spins. These devices benefit from the exceptional physical properties of diamond, including its low mechanical dissipation and optical absorption. However the nanoscale dimensions and mechanical isolation of these devices can make them susceptible to thermo-optic instability when operating at the high intracavity field strengths needed to realize coherent photon--phonon coupling. In this work, we overcome these effects through engineering of the device geometry, enabling operation with large photon numbers in a previously thermally unstable regime of red-detuning. We demonstrate optomechanically induced transparency with cooperativity > 1 and normal mode cooling from 300 K to 60 K, and predict that these device will enable coherent optomechanical manipulation of diamond spin systems

Single-crystal diamond low-dissipation cavity optomechanics

Single-crystal diamond cavity optomechanical devices are a promising example of a hybrid quantum system: by coupling mechanical resonances to both light and electron spins, they can enable new ways for photons to control solid state qubits. However, realizing cavity optomechanical devices from high quality diamond chips has been an outstanding challenge. Here we demonstrate single-crystal diamond cavity optomechanical devices that can enable photon-phonon-spin coupling. Cavity optomechanical coupling to $2\,\text{GHz}$ frequency ($f_\text{m}$) mechanical resonances is observed. In room temperature ambient conditions, these resonances have a record combination of low dissipation (mechanical quality factor, $Q_\text{m} > 9000$) and high frequency, with $Q_\text{m}\cdot f_\text{m} \sim 1.9\times10^{13}$ sufficient for room temperature single phonon coherence. The system exhibits high optical quality factor ($Q_\text{o} > 10^4$) resonances at infrared and visible wavelengths, is nearly sideband resolved, and exhibits optomechanical cooperativity $C\sim 3$. The devices' potential for optomechanical control of diamond electron spins is demonstrated through radiation pressure excitation of mechanical self-oscillations whose 31 pm amplitude is predicted to provide 0.6 MHz coupling rates to diamond nitrogen vacancy center ground state transitions (6 Hz / phonon), and $\sim10^5$ stronger coupling rates to excited state transitions.Comment: 12 pages, 5 figure

A Classroom Experiment on Exchange Rate Determination with Purchasing Power Parity

We develop a classroom experiment on exchange rate determination appropriate for undergraduate courses in macroeconomics and international economics. Students represent citizens from different countries and need to obtain currency to purchase goods. By participating in a sealed bid auction to buy currency, students gain a better understanding of currency markets and the determination of exchange rates. The implicit framework for exchange rate determination is one in which prices are perfectly flexible (in the long run) so that purchasing power parity (PPP) prevails. Additional treatments allow students to examine the impact of transport costs, nontradable goods and tariffs on the exchange rate and to explore possible deviations from PPP.

Efficient telecom to visible wavelength conversion in doubly resonant GaP microdisks

Resonant second harmonic generation between 1550 nm and 775 nm with outside efficiency $> 4.4\times10^{-4}\, \text{mW}^{-1}$ is demonstrated in a gallium phosphide microdisk cavity supporting high-$Q$ modes at visible ($Q \sim 10^4$) and infrared ($Q \sim 10^5$) wavelengths. The double resonance condition was satisfied through intracavity photothermal temperature tuning using $\sim 360\,\mu$W of 1550 nm light input to a fiber taper and resonantly coupled to the microdisk. Above this pump power efficiency was observed to decrease. The observed behavior is consistent with a simple model for thermal tuning of the double resonance condition.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure

First Steps Towards an Annotated Database of American English

This paper reports on one of the first steps in building a very large annotated database of American English. We present and discuss the results of an experiment comparing manual part-of-speech tagging with manual verification and correction of automatic stochastic tagging. The experiment shows that correcting is superior to tagging with respect to speed, consistency and accuracy