The Effect of Curvature on lnterfacial Tension in Liquid Systems Measured by Homogeneous Nucleation

Interfacial tensions were measured as a function of the curvature of the interface in liquid ternary, two-phase systems at 25 °c. The systems were chosen so that the phase on the concave side of the interface ( = the inner phase = the droplet) consisted mainly of one of the components. When this compound is a nonpolar or polar, non-hydrogen bonding liquid the interfacial tension is almost independent of curvature, but when the inner phase is a hydrogen bonding liquid the interfacial tension a varies with the radius of curvature. The experimental method consisted in determining the time taken for a supersaturated solution to become turbid, this time being of the order of 1 millisecond

Anaesthetic management of tracheobronchial disruption during oesophagectomy

Although tracheobronchial injuries occur rarely during oesophagectomy, the outcome of such injuries is mostly unfavourable. We report the case of a 50-year-old female, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class 1, who suffered a tracheobronchial injury during transthoracic oesophagectomy. The defect was repaired with an intercostal muscle flap but tracheobronchial disruption occurred again on extubation. As a result, she developed a profuse air leak postoperatively, through the bilateral thoracic and abdominal drains. A second surgical procedure using a single-lumen endotracheal tube was undertaken. During the procedure the patient deteriorated, owing to an increase in the tracheal rent, which resulted in a severe impairment of ventilation. This crisis was initially managed through advancement of the endotracheal tube into the left main bronchus. Subsequently, oxygenation and ventilation of both lungs was achieved by intubating both the main bronchi with microlaryngeal tubes, with the patient in the left lateral position.Keywords: oesophagectomy, tracheobronchial disruption, thoracotomy, emphysema, iatrogenic, microlaryngeal tub

Effects of package and storage conditions on the keeping quality of Perlette grapes

Einfluß der Verpackungs- und Lagerungsbedingungen auf die Haltbarkeit von Perlette-TraubenUm die Verluste zwischen Ernte und Verkauf von Perlette-Trauben zu verringern, wurde jeweils 1/4 eines SO2-Spenders („Dual Release" SO2 generator) in die 2 kg Trauben fassenden Polyäthylenbeutel gelegt; die Verpackungsbeutel waren mit Perforationen versehen, die 0,56; 0,84; 1,12; 1,40 und 1,68 % der Folienfläche ausmachten. Die gefüllten Beutel wurden bei 5, 15, 25, 30 und 35 °C (Freilandtemperatur) in belüftete 2-kg-Kartons aus Wellpappe verpackt und 60 d lang kühl gelagert (0-3 °C). Bei der Verkostung wurden die Trauben mit einer Verpackungstemperatur von 35 °C und 1,12%iger Perforation der Verpackungsqeutel am besten beurteilt. Die niedrigste Verpackungstemperatur (5 °C) und der niedrigste Perforationsgrad (0,56 %) verringerten beide den physiologischen Gewichtsverlust (PLW) und das Abfallen der Beeren am stärksten. PLW nahm mit der Dauer der Lagerung zu. Bis zu einer Lagerungsdauer von 40 d in zu 0,56 %, 0,85 % und 1,12 % perforierten Beuteln trat keine Beerenfäulnis auf; diese war jedoch auch bei erhöhter Perforation noch zu vernachlässigen. Die höchsten Mostgewichte wurden bei Verpakkungstemperaturen von 30 oder 35 °C nach 40tägiger Lagerung festgestellt; danach nahm das Mostgewicht ab. Die höchsten Säurewerte wurden bei Verpackungstemperaturen von 25 und 35 °C nach einer Lagerungsdauer von 40 d, bei 15 und 30 °C nach 60 d ermittelt. Demzufolge können PerletteTrauben durch beigepackte SO2-Spender in Folienbeuteln, die zu 1,12 % perforiert sind und Verpacken bei 35 °C bis zu 40 d erfolgreich gelagert werden

Pseudo-analytic finite partition approach to temperature distribution problem in human limbs

ABSTRACT. Th

A contemporary dose selection algorithm for stereotactic radiosurgery in the treatment of brain metastases - An initial report.

Indications and treatment goals for SRS have changed since the publication of RTOG 90-05. We present initial retrospective outcomes from a new dose selection algorithm in use at our institution felt to be more contemporary with doses being used in the radiosurgery community today and report our local control and toxicity outcomes. This dose selection algorithm will be subject to a forthcoming prospective phase 2 trial.To evaluate safety and efficacy of an institutional dose selection algorithm in the treatment of brain metastases (BM) with single fraction radio-surgery (SRS).The medical records of 65 patients with ≤10 BM treated with GK at our institution between April 2012 and October 2012 were reviewed retrospectively. The prescription doses used in this study ranged from 16-22Gy and were based upon RTOG 90-05 guideline doses subsequently modified at our institution depending on lesion number, lesion volume, institutional experience and prior history of whole brain radiation therapy (WBRT). Primary endpoint was local recurrence (LR) with additional outcomes measured including distant intracranial recurrence (DIR), death without local recurrence (DWLR) and alive and disease free (ADF). Fine Gray competing risk analysis was used to examine factors affecting local recurrence.Median follow up was 8.9 months (range 1.0-29.6months) and 12 month overall survival was 37% (95% CI 24.9-49.1%). Overall local recurrence rate was 7.7%. On competing risks regression analysis, no variable was significantly associated with local recurrence, including previous whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT), (SHR 1.21 [95%CI 0.13-11.5], p=0.87 and radioresistant versus radiosensitive histology (SHR 0.51 [95% CI 0.06-7.73], p=0.55). No patient developed grade 3 or higher neurotoxicity at 12 months following GK.Initial local control and toxicity results from our institutional dose selection algorithm are reported here. Comparison of our results with RTOG 90-05 is difficult due to significant differences in the patient population and their treatments. The applicability of this algorithm merits further investigation across multiple centers for the purpose of treatment and clinical trial standardization in single fraction SRS and will be the subject of a forthcoming phase 2 prospective study within our own institution

Comprehensive analysis of common mitochondrial DNA variants and colorectal cancer risk.

Several lines of evidence implicate mitochondrial dysfunction in the development of cancer. To test the hypothesis that common mtDNA variation influences the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), we genotyped 132 tagging mtDNA variants in a sample of 2854 CRC cases and 2822 controls. The variants examined capture approximately 80% of mtDNA common variation (excluding the hypervariable D-loop). We first tested for single marker associations; the strongest association detected was with A5657G (P=0.06). Overall the distribution of association P-values was consistent with a null distribution. Next, we classified individuals into the nine common European haplogroups and compared their distribution in cases and controls. This analysis also provided no evidence of an association between mitochondrial variation and CRC risk. In conclusion, our results provide little evidence that mitochondrial genetic background plays a role in modifying an individual's risk of developing CRC

A Bortezomib-Based Regimen Offers Promising Survival and Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis in Myeloablative HLA-Mismatched and Unrelated Donor Transplantation: A Phase II Trial

AbstractHematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients lacking HLA-matched related donors have increased graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and nonrelapse mortality (NRM). Bortezomib added to reduced-intensity conditioning can offer benefit in T cell–replete HLA-mismatched HSCT and may also benefit myeloablative conditioning (MAC) transplants. We conducted a phase II trial of short-course bortezomib plus standard tacrolimus/methotrexate after busulfan/fludarabine MAC in 34 patients with predominantly myeloid malignancies. Fourteen (41%) received 8/8 HLA-matched unrelated donor (MUD) and 20 (59%) received 7/8 HLA-mismatched related/unrelated donor peripheral blood stem cell grafts. Median age was 49 years (range, 21 to 60), and median follow-up was 25 months (range, 11 to 36). The regimen was well tolerated. No dose modifications were required. Neutrophil and platelet engraftment occurred at a median of 14 (range, 10 to 33) and 17 (range, 10 to 54) days, respectively. Median 30-day donor chimerism was 99% (range, 90 to 100), and 100-day grades II to IV and III to IV acute GVHD incidence was 32% and 12% respectively. One-year chronic GVHD incidence was 50%. Two-year cumulative incidence of both NRM and relapse was 16%. Two-year progression-free and overall survival rates were 70% and 71%, respectively. Outcomes were comparable to an 8/8 MUD MAC cohort (n = 45). Immune reconstitution was robust. Bortezomib-based MAC HSCT is well tolerated, with HLA-mismatched outcomes comparable with 8/8 MUD MAC HSCT, and is suitable for randomized evaluation. (clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01323920.

Mutability and Importance of a Hypermutable Cell Subpopulation that Produces Stress-Induced Mutants in Escherichia coli

In bacterial, yeast, and human cells, stress-induced mutation mechanisms are induced in growth-limiting environments and produce non-adaptive and adaptive mutations. These mechanisms may accelerate evolution specifically when cells are maladapted to their environments, i.e., when they are are stressed. One mechanism of stress-induced mutagenesis in Escherichia coli occurs by error-prone DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. This mechanism was linked previously to a differentiated subpopulation of cells with a transiently elevated mutation rate, a hypermutable cell subpopulation (HMS). The HMS could be important, producing essentially all stress-induced mutants. Alternatively, the HMS was proposed to produce only a minority of stress-induced mutants, i.e., it was proposed to be peripheral. We characterize three aspects of the HMS. First, using improved mutation-detection methods, we estimate the number of mutations per genome of HMS-derived cells and find that it is compatible with fitness after the HMS state. This implies that these mutants are not necessarily an evolutionary dead end, and could contribute to adaptive evolution. Second, we show that stress-induced Lac+ mutants, with and without evidence of descent from the HMS, have similar Lac+ mutation sequences. This provides evidence that HMS-descended and most stress-induced mutants form via a common mechanism. Third, mutation-stimulating DSBs introduced via I-SceI endonuclease in vivo do not promote Lac+ mutation independently of the HMS. This and the previous finding support the hypothesis that the HMS underlies most stress-induced mutants, not just a minority of them, i.e., it is important. We consider a model in which HMS differentiation is controlled by stress responses. Differentiation of an HMS potentially limits the risks of mutagenesis in cell clones

A Microhomology-Mediated Break-Induced Replication Model for the Origin of Human Copy Number Variation

Chromosome structural changes with nonrecurrent endpoints associated with genomic disorders offer windows into the mechanism of origin of copy number variation (CNV). A recent report of nonrecurrent duplications associated with Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease identified three distinctive characteristics. First, the majority of events can be seen to be complex, showing discontinuous duplications mixed with deletions, inverted duplications, and triplications. Second, junctions at endpoints show microhomology of 2–5 base pairs (bp). Third, endpoints occur near pre-existing low copy repeats (LCRs). Using these observations and evidence from DNA repair in other organisms, we derive a model of microhomology-mediated break-induced replication (MMBIR) for the origin of CNV and, ultimately, of LCRs. We propose that breakage of replication forks in stressed cells that are deficient in homologous recombination induces an aberrant repair process with features of break-induced replication (BIR). Under these circumstances, single-strand 3′ tails from broken replication forks will anneal with microhomology on any single-stranded DNA nearby, priming low-processivity polymerization with multiple template switches generating complex rearrangements, and eventual re-establishment of processive replication

Asexuality: Classification and characterization

This is a post-print version of the article. The official published version can be obtaineed at the link below.The term “asexual” has been defined in many different ways and asexuality has received very little research attention. In a small qualitative study (N = 4), individuals who self-identified as asexual were interviewed to help formulate hypotheses for a larger study. The second larger study was an online survey drawn from a convenience sample designed to better characterize asexuality and to test predictors of asexual identity. A convenience sample of 1,146 individuals (N = 41 self-identified asexual) completed online questionnaires assessing sexual history, sexual inhibition and excitation, sexual desire, and an open-response questionnaire concerning asexual identity. Asexuals reported significantly less desire for sex with a partner, lower sexual arousability, and lower sexual excitation but did not differ consistently from non-asexuals in their sexual inhibition scores or their desire to masturbate. Content analyses supported the idea that low sexual desire is the primary feature predicting asexual identity