Evaluación de Capacidad Adsortiva del Carbón Activado Industrial Darco en Agente Surfactante Dodecil Benceno en Detergentes,realizados en los Laboratorios de Química UNAN-MANAGUA, de Marzo a Noviembre del 2012

Se realizó un estudio experimental evaluando la capacidad adsortiva del carbón activado industrial DARCO, en presencia de agentes surfactantes, Dodecil benceno sulfonato de sodio lineal, presente en la marca de detergente FAB,disuelto en 250 ml de agua. El carbón fue sometido a un proceso de pruebas con el fin de conocer sus propiedades físico-químicas (%ceniza, % de humedad, densidad aparente y porosidad) según las normas de la Sociedad Americana para pruebas y materiales, así como la determinación del porcentaje de remoción y la cuantificación de su capacidad adsortiva Se realizaron ensayos de adsorción en fase liquida con dos tipos de concentraciones una de 80,000 ppm y 40,000 ppm con distintos tiempos de agitación de 30-60 min a una temperatura de 25ºC, el indicador que se empleó para este análisis fue azul de metileno, donde la variable dependiente es la capacidad adsortiva del carbón activado DARCO y las independientes son el tiempo de retención y concentración Para el orden aleatorio de las pruebas fue ajustado por el programa Statgraphcs Plus 5.1 empleando el método multinivel . Para la calibración del Espectrofotómetro Espectrónico Termo de 20 GENESYS serial RS-232-C de UV se realizaron las lecturas de adsorbancia del azul de metileno en una longitud de onda de 652 nm, con el fin de obtener la curva de calibración, lo cual permitió obtener un rango de respuesta lineal para la cuantificación de la adsorbancia del Dodecil benceno sulfonato de sodio lineal. En la adsorción del Dodecil benceno sulfonato de sodio lineal, se determinó que en los dos tiempos de contacto estipulados, el carbón activado presento una gran adsorción ante los dos tipos de concentraciones, el porcentaje de remoción con respecto los tiempos versus concentración osciló entre el 60% y 99%, presente en las muestra. El análisis estadístico que se empleo para comprobar la eficiencia de remoción fue el método de prueba de igualdad de varianza empleando el programa estadístico SPSS, ratificando que no hay diferencia significativa en base a las concentraciones de las muestras de aguas

Early Intervention with Children at Risk of Emotional/Behavioral Disorders: A Critical Examination of Research Methodology and Practices

Children\u27s behavior problems pose challenges to families, schools, and society. The research literature argues that early detection/intervention is the most powerful course of action in ameliorating these problems in children at risk of emotional/behavioral disorders. However, specifying precisely what constitutes a quality program of early intervention is not a simple task. Current conceptualizations suggest that successful early intervention cannot be unidimensional in nature, but must consist of a complex series of interactions and transactions that synergistically serve to nurture and enhance both the development of the child and family. In this paper, we reviewed the accumulated research to learn more about the critical elements of early intervention. Specifically, we examined three major areas addressed in the literature. First, we describe literature search procedures and criteria for study inclusion, along with methods for analyzing these early intervention studies. Second, we examine the conduct of the intervention, including characteristics of study participants, types of interventions, types of measures, age of onset and length of intervention, treatment fidelity, and social validity measures. Finally, we draw upon that review to offer recommendations for future research

Women’s mood at high altitude. sexual dimorphism in hypoxic stress modulation by the tryptophan–melatonin axis

Sexual (and gender)-dimorphism in tolerance to hypobaric hypoxia increasingly matters for a differential surveillance of human activities at high altitude (HA). At low altitudes, the prevalence of anxiety and depression in women has already been found to double when compared with men; it could be expected to even increase on exposure to HA. In purposefully caring for the health of women at HA, the present work explores the potential involvement of the tryptophan (Trp)–melatonin axis in mood changes on exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. The present work highlights some already known anxiogenic effects of HA exposure. Hypoxia and insomnia reduce serotonin (5-HT) availability; the latter defect being expressed as failure of brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation and mood disorders. Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep organization and synapsis restoration that are additionally affected by hypoxia impair memory consolidation. Affective complaints may thus surge, evolving into anxiety and depression. Sex-related differences in neural network organization and hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, and certainly also during the life cycle, underscore the possibility of 5-HT–related mood alterations, particularly in women on HA exposure. The mean brain rate of 5-HT synthesis at sea level is already 1.5-fold higher in males than in females. sexual dimorphism also evidences the overexpression effects of SERT, a 5-HT transporter protein. Gonadal and thyroid hormones, as influenced by HA exposure, further modulate 5-HT availability and its effects in women. Besides caring for adequate oxygenation and maintenance of one’s body core temperature, special precautions concerning women sojourning at HA should include close observations of hormonal cycles and, perhaps, also trials with targeted antidepressants

Associations between eating speed, diet quality, adiposity, and cardiometabolic risk factors

Objective: To assess the associations between eating speed, adiposity, cardiometabolic risk factors, and diet quality in a cohort of Spanish preschool-children. Study design: A cross-sectional study in 1371 preschool age children (49% girls; mean age, 4.8 ± 1.0 years) from the Childhood Obesity Risk Assessment Longitudinal Study (CORALS) cohort was conducted. After exclusions, 956 participants were included in the analyses. The eating speed was estimated by summing the total minutes used in each of the 3 main meals and then categorized into slow, moderate, or fast. Multiple linear and logistic regression models were fitted to assess the β-coefficient, or OR and 95% CI, between eating speed and body mass index, waist circumference, fat mass index (FMI), blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and lipid profile. Results: Compared with participants in the slow-eating category, those in the fast-eating category had a higher prevalence risk of overweight/obesity (OR, 2.9; 95% CI, 1.8-4.4; P < .01); larger waist circumference (β, 2.6 cm; 95% CI, 1.5-3.8 cm); and greater FMI (β, 0.3 kg/m2; 95% CI, 0.1-0.5 kg/m2), systolic blood pressure (β, 2.8 mmHg; 95% CI, 0.6-4.9 mmHg), and fasting plasma glucose levels (β, 2.7 mg/dL, 95% CI, 1.2-4.2 mg/dL) but lower adherence to the Mediterranean diet (β, −0.5 points; 95% CI, −0.9 to −0.1 points). Conclusions: Eating fast is associated with higher adiposity, certain cardiometabolic risk factors, and lower adherence to a Mediterranean diet. Further long-term and interventional studies are warranted to confirm these associations