Relative change in swimming activity (mean ± standard error) in crucian carp upon experiencing chemical cues from a pike.

<p>Clay, algae and brown water treatments represent a visual range of 40 cm created by the different substances, whereas clear water is a control with no visual deterioration.</p

Spectral distribution of downwelling light in clear, algae, clay and humic brown water at 5.5 cm depth.

<p>Spectral distribution of downwelling light in clear, algae, clay and humic brown water at 5.5 cm depth.</p

Functional relationships between fish density (fish response) and the final set of predictors.

<p>(A) prey availability, (B) predation risk, (C) time of day (hour), (D) depth and (E) distance from shore. The different smooth curves in each panel correspond to relationships from each model in the final set of GAMs, i.e., model I (black solid), II (black dashed), III (grey solid) and IV (grey dashed).</p

Biotic and abiotic variables used as predictors during GAM model fitting.

<p>Biotic and abiotic variables used as predictors during GAM model fitting.</p

Summary of abiotic and biotic factors regulating the predator-prey game of hide and seek.

<p>(A) Zooplankton vertical distribution (night = brown, day = white), temperature (blue) and the extended euphotic zone (green). (B) The deep chlorophyll maximum <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044350#pone.0044350-Perez1" target="_blank">[19]</a> (green), zooplankton availability (brown) and average fish densities (fish per m⁻³) during night (black) and day (white). (C, D) Zooplankton and fish densities by distance from shore (day and night). (E) Average fish density (grey) and surface irradiance (PAR; orange) by hour. (F) Average prey availability vs. predation risk (anomalies), illustrating the trade-off between foraging and mortality, where the timing of sunrise and sunset (dashed vertical lines) coincide with significant thresholds (Supporting Information) in food availability (brown dashed), predation risk (red dashed) and fish density (E; grey dashed).</p

Daily fish distribution in Lake Gutiérrez.

<p>Average densities are high at night (A) and low during daytime (B). Peak densities (i.e., ln(N+1) ) are found near shore (20–40 m) and in lower densities along the bottom, consistent with habitat preferences of the main zooplanktivore <i>Galaxias maculatus</i>, and the less abundant, benthic relative <i>Galaxias platei </i><a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0044350#pone.0044350-Barriga1" target="_blank">[25]</a>.</p

Fitting and validation summary of the final GAMs.

<p>The selected set of predictors, corresponding F/Chi-sq. values and total deviance explained (DEV) for each model, where models I-III use fish abundance estimates as response variables while model IV use presence-absence data only. Model fit and predictive accuracy was assessed by correlations (r) and linear regression between observed and fitted values (A), as well as between observed and predicted values (B), when fitted on only half the data set and predicting the remaining part. Finally, the explained variance (r²) of the linear regressions, the root mean square error (RMSE) and average error (AVE) between predicted and observed values, as well as the number of observations (n) are shown.</p

boldness is linked with protective shell shape in aquatic snails

Individual boldness is linked with protective shell shape in aquatic snail

Seasonal development of piscivore consumption rate, growth rate of roach and the ratio between piscivore consumption and roach growth in Lake Krankesjön during 2003/4 and 2004/5.

<p>Seasonal development of piscivore consumption rate, growth rate of roach and the ratio between piscivore consumption and roach growth in Lake Krankesjön during 2003/4 and 2004/5.</p

Mean dry weight per fish before and after one week in enclosures with low algal resource and high algal resource level related to fish abundance stocked in the enclosures at the different sampling dates.

<p>Mean dry weight per fish before and after one week in enclosures with low algal resource and high algal resource level related to fish abundance stocked in the enclosures at the different sampling dates.</p